terms in different ways to make anybody feel fuzzy. What I'm telling you is, if you want to reach certain capabilities, if you want to reprogram cancer, if you want to regrow new organs, you want to defeat aging, you want to do these specific things, you are leaving too much on the table by making an unwarranted assumption that thelow-level tools that we have, so these are the rules of chemistry and the kind of molecular rewiring, that those are going to be sufficient to get to
Stephen Strittmatter from Yale and his colleagues learned that certain cells in the spinal cord secrete substances that actively inhibit regrowth of severed nerve fibers after a spinal cord injury. These molecules block axons from growing new branches and prevent nerve cells from establishing new connections.
An axolotl loses its limb, it will regrow a limb. It might regrow , we don't know.
complex. And what it does is it says this is me, and if another cell expresses differences, it's not me, and your body tries to kill it. If you want to regrow , regenerate tissue-- if you want to incorporate tissue long term in your body, you typically need your own cells
But coppicing is basically a medieval practice of cutting wood from beech and oak and cutting the branches right down to the ground, and then they regrow . And this one I call the tree of knowledge because it looks so like a snake.
And fourth, if you cut a polyp in two, and if each part regrows into a fully functioning individual, was the soul split in two? Did the soul then regrow in each new polyp? There were some pretty big questions that come from just one really simple experiment.
grow me own well actually researchers at Columbia University Medical Center in New York have demonstrated just that technique in rabbits using the animals own stem cells to regrow joints uh Thomas Einhorn at Boston Medical Center has helped help more than 50 of his patients with degenerative hip disease uh by injecting their own stem cells into their hips and helping them
And so we have a little place called Shady Acres, a retirement community for our cockroaches. And then we're going to be able to have him sort of regrow a leg and produce more cockroaches for us. All right. So now I've got my device here.
But very young animals will, and some animals will grow new nerves. An axolotl loses its limb, it will regrow a limb. This is not unheard of.
But suddenly, with Trembley's polyp experiments, there were some problems for the theory of the animal as a machine made by God. First, the matter within the polyp could regrow itself when it was cut. So did that mean that it had some kind of active property, something independent of God?
They're working with a drug company to bring that to the human market. then use the three-dimensional printer to populate it with stem cells and regrow , for example, a kidney.
In the past decade, there's been real progress toward understanding how to enable a damaged adult spinal cord to re-establish functional connections. And the principles that have enabled this progress may well extend unlocking regrowth potential in the brain itself. Here's one set of studies demonstrating the potential for self-repair in the spinal cord.
And so this middle picture shows him right before receiving the fecal transplant. And then after the fecal transplant, he noticed his hair started to regrow . And this one anecdote has now become two anecdotes, and we're very interested in following up on it, for one example.
An axolotl loses its limb, it will regrow a limb. But we think that we know how to regain that ability and make cells very young again so they have these properties of regrowing ,
system to do what you want it to do? So there are cells, there are molecular networks, there are materials, there are organs and tissues and synthetic beings and biobots and whatever. So the idea is, if I want your cells to regrow a limb, for example, if you're injured and I want your cells to regrow a limb, I have many options. Some of those options are I'm going to micromanage all of the molecular events that have to happen, right? And
One thing evolution did was to provide a kind of cognitive glue, which we can also talk about, that ties them together into a multicellular system. And those systems have grandiose goals. They're making limbs, and if you're a salamander limb and you chop it off, they will regrow that limb with the right number of fingers, then they'll stop when it's done. The goal has been achieved. No individual cell knows what a finger is or how many fingers you're supposed to have, but the collective absolutely does. And that process of growing that
Cool. So, there's a lot of So, oh yeah, and so over time, it's going to regrow and it's gain back that integrity. Now, there's a lot of things that tend to cause a lot of confusion around identifying um
Now, part of Trembley's reason for undertaking this experiment was to determine whether polyps were animal or vegetable. Differences in the way that animals and vegetables reproduced meant that, according to the definition of the time, plants could regrow from cuttings but animals could not. So when the cut polyps regenerated their lost parts, that should have allowed Trembley to place them in the vegetable kingdom.
or woman who thinks and knows he thinks. It's not going to, and I have learned this the hard way, it's not going to regrow your hair or help you win the lottery or like fix everything
Instead of erring on the side of how far, how fast, how long – how about how does it feel? how -- if you really get into it as orchard growing rather than as a purchase solution, and sort of regrow your body in a sense, because that's what you're doing.
was a normal leg, but then after the molting after 43 days, it came back as a little small nub. And if you wait a little longer, it molts again after 125 days, and his leg regrows . And so it's not just that.
We still, though, haven't got a full artificial heart. All right, so the first, for heart repair, is a biological regrowth solution looking like the right path going forward?
Reducing the concentration of these inhibitory substances releases the cord to self-repair, to grow new branches, to establish new connections. One such inhibitory molecule that's been well-studied is called nogo A. This idea that release from inhibition can result in regrowth has already been applied successfully in non-human primates.
The image on the right is from a study demonstrating that blocking downregulators allows a monkey to regain its mobility after its spinal cord has been partially severed. One drug, called AXER-204, designed to release spinal cord cells from regrowth repressors is already in a phase II clinical trial with a readout expected in humans next summer.
And he thinks it applies also to our world system. The forests go through a phase of growth, collapse, regeneration, and regrowth-- growth again. And he and other thinkers saw the same pattern in societies,
And in the 18th century, that's quite a dangerous question to find yourself asking. And fourth, if you cut a polyp in two, and if each part regrows into a fully functioning individual, was the soul split in two? Did the soul then regrow in each new polyp?