How to pronounce “phos” in English

more selfish. They start They start sort of multiplying without thought of the broader organism.phosphorylation leading to a compensatory fermentation. So you have to compensate cuz let me tell you, if

Apologies. We found that in Norfolk.Phosphoric acid containers-- four of them on the beach, just sitting there.And a medical catheter in Scotland.

layers. You can probably count ten or twenty layers in that structure. This is a multilamellarphospholipid structure. And he called these, in his paper, multilamellar phospholipid mesophases, which is a bit ofa mouthful. So, people began calling them Banghasomes in his honor. And GJerry Weissmann, an early visitor to his lab before I got there, invented this word: liposomes.

Yeah. I mean, when we know that if the organelle is damaged, you're not going to be able to produce energy efficientlyby oxidative phosphorylation. Okay?I think you're a bit further down the road, Thomas, than a lot of my viewers are. For me, hearing that there's this

Dr. Rosie Redfield, a lead researcher on one of those new studies, explained that the environment the original experiment used to grow the original bacteriaprobably contained just enough phosphorus to support its growth.So this arsenic-based alien… wasn’t an alien after all.

So this arsenic-based alien… wasn’t an alien after all.It actually required phosphorus, just like everybody else.The original study wasn’t repeatable.

Biogeochemical flow, so that is the amount of nutrients that we put into the ground through things like fertilizer.So it's mainly phosphorous and nitrates.Fresh water use, life system change, and biodiversity loss.

a dead zone and that has been because of these intensive farming practices that have allowed pesticides, high amounts ofnitrogen and phosphorus to flow into that gulf. And we need to be cognizant that now there's there's a literally adead zone. There's no fish able to survive in that region. So our actions

that we've hinted at with this record.DNA is phosphorus-based in part, and it just falls apart very quickly for a whole variety of reasons.

They always looked at the place first.And they would put phosphorous bombs in pillow boxes.

Ley coughed up fluid, screamed again, though she had no breath.A white phosphorescent thread wound around her leg, menacing and tiny-- a gallowglass tendril, torn free and sent drifting on the tide in search of a victim.Probably not fatal. Kai gloved her hands in a gob of seaweed and pulled the tendril free.

there's a a water uh treatment plant actually outside of Washington DC that not only is recycling uh its water it isremoving the nitrogen and phosphorus in the water for $100 a ton and selling it to fertilizer manufacturers for $400 aton and so it's become a fact it is capturing all its methane and not only burning that to power the plant but also

Well, that sand, even though the grains of sand might be a tenth of a millimeter,they contain phosphorus. And that phosphorous is actually used for the growth and healthof the rainforest itself.

And this entire field of protein phosphorylation-- a post-translational modification of proteins-- that put phosphate onto specific residues--tyrosine kinase-- putting phosphate onto tyrosine residuee-- allowed you to begin to think about, could you develop a specific therapyfor this molecular abnormality?

And this is-- a lump about yea big is definitely a large enough quantity.So the phosphorus has the burning sulfur-- the burning phosphorus and then the sulfur sitting on top of it.Next to it is the selenium and the bromine, which are also reacting pretty vigorously, although probably at this point cloaked in the smoke that's

Next to it is the selenium and the bromine, which are also reacting pretty vigorously, although probably at this point cloaked in the smoke that'sbubbling off of the phosphorus here.And all of this is wrapped in this smoke that's boiling off, which is also smoke that's full of fluorine compounds, just to make things more exciting.

Now what you're seeing up there in that little image to the right is a bit of dried phospholipid.And when phospholipid interacts with water, it self-assembles into membranous structures.So as part of my talk, I'm gonna take you back 40 years in time to the person who discovered this and how I spent some time with him and began to work on this project.

So, that brings me to the last part of my talk. So this shows you close-up what we know membranes are produced by at the molecular an electron level. Down at the bottom, yousee a phospholipid and a cholesterol. And this is what is in the membranes of every cell of your body.A hundred trillion cells, every one of them has a membrane around it, made out of those two components. This is what the prebiotic membranes are made out of. There's that fatty

So, here's what I claim. I claim that every time two of those come together, there's a chance for a water molecule to leave and produce what is called an ester bond.We have phospholipid vesicles. That's the stuff that's gonna form that multilamellar matrix. Gonna dry it down under carbon dioxide. Oxygen tends to inhibit this. Gonna give it

motion collapse before Boris Yeltsin and so on. What ends up happening is Nauru also achieved a kind of per capita development situation because ofthe rise of phosphate prices. Now, this island is made of millions of years of bird guano, bird shit and in the middle of the South Pacific it's an agriculturalwasteland now because it's been mined to the core and the whole island has been stripped bare. So the Russians on one hand had virtual banking, and then

Matches used to be made of white phosphorus.

You should not hang out with white phosphorus.

This is your jaw on white phosphorus.

people refuse to be killed by white phosphorus.

joined together, and created this abnormal fusion gene.And this entire field of protein phosphorylation-- a post-translational modification of proteins-- that put phosphate onto specific residues--tyrosine kinase-- putting phosphate onto tyrosine residuee-- allowed you to begin to think about, could you develop a specific therapy

Kinases bind ATP. They transfer phosphate in a case of tyrosine kinases to tyrosine residues on proteins.And it's these tyrosine phosphorylated proteins that cause white cells to grow uncontrollably.So I thought, you shut that down and you have a specific, targeted therapy for CML.

So the third row has a couple of troublemakers.Over on the left is phosphorus-- over on the left is sodium and magnesium, and those would probably also-- you can see the sodium actually-- I thinkdrew it starting to tarnish a little bit.

in meteorites. That's work with George Cooper, just right up at NASA Ames.And we know there must have been phosphate there. So, we're sort of on the way. This is what we imagine would necessarily be there. Then, I say that there must have been amphiphilesto produce these compartments that I've told you is so important.

And run through the unknowns In the phosphorous white glow

Monsanto had a ton of these factories where they were converting phosphate into glyphosate, and they had a lot of sludge leaching out of these factories,

So they are hanging out over an open vat of white phosphorus.

and peptides, and aryl phosphates.

They create carbon, phosphorous, and nitrogen-- all of the elements.

it comes into contact with air.And so we have this lump of burning phosphorus, and then the things around it, which might not normallyspontaneously catch fire, will be lit on fire by the phosphorus.

So the fourth row introduces a bunch of new elements, including the metals-- a lot of the more traditional metals.And also we have a lump-- underneath the phosphorus is a lump of arsenic.And so arsenic is sort of a really recognizable element, and we have a lot of associations with it.

what we're gonna put into a hot, little puddle. Gotta have four amino acids. Four nucleobases.One gram each. Phosphate. Glycerol. Myrisytic acid. That's this thing here.It's an amphiphilicampiphilic, soap-like molecule that's our membrane-forming material. Then we can just pull out samples every hour for several days. And we're gonna ask whether

It's kind of bendable plastic stuff that's got phosphorescent built inside.

And it didn’t work.The new studies found that while the bacteria could grow in a low-phosphorus environment, it couldn’t with no phosphorus at all, which, while interesting, was not revolutionary.Dr. Rosie Redfield, a lead researcher on one of those new studies, explained that the environment the original experiment used to grow the original bacteria

was dying of starvation. He later on ended up at the hospital that I was working at and we really worked on hishis healing and we were able to get his blood levels back to normal calcium phosphorus ratio. we were able toimprove but not in time and unfortunately

It's free of SLSs, of phosphates, of sulfates, of synthetic dyes, et cetera.

It leads to 1912, the banning of white phosphorus.

lighter obviously than lead acid uh the the future I think is lithium ion phosphate which doesn't have the same

You guys can remember it from "War Games." It's like these green phosphor letters in the front, and then this just deep yonder, just dark space behind it.

Part of it is the way insulin actually stimulates this enzyme called phospholipase A2, which helps to basically dissolve your cell

So the way I looked at it was, this is how kinases work, over there on the left.Kinases bind ATP. They transfer phosphate in a case of tyrosine kinases to tyrosine residues on proteins.And it's these tyrosine phosphorylated proteins that cause white cells to grow uncontrollably.

to oxidize, either slowly or quickly.But over on the right, we have phosphorus.And because it's, I guess, more fun to draw, I assumed that we were using the white allotrope of phosphorus, which will spontaneously ignite when

And all of this is wrapped in this smoke that's boiling off, which is also smoke that's full of fluorine compounds, just to make things more exciting.And so you have all the burning chunks-- arsenic combining with the phosphorus and making all these compounds that are arsenic-something-something oxide, arsenic fluoride, and things that.If you don't get away pretty quickly, you will be breathing in a bunch of stuff that could definitely kill you.

He said, "I have seen the birth of phosphorus matches, stamps, the metric system, steamboats on the water, omni-buses, railways, trams, gas,

Interestingly enough, Erick told me that excess phosphate in the soil can create the same deficiencies in plants.