How to pronounce “kepler” in English

due to gravity. This is exactly what Newton was able to use to predict, for example, that planets move in ellipses.Kepler had already established the planets do move in ellipses.Newton explained to us why.

If you look closely, it'll show you spacecraft orbiting our Sun.Kepler spacecraft is actually orbiting our Sun, not orbiting our Earth.And if you could zoom into part of Earth, and here it will click on the West Coast of North America and showing you what our spring night sky looks like.

stars beyond Earth. And this is largely borne out of the progress that the Kepler Mission has made over the last five years.Kepler is a space telescope that was launched in 2009.It's still up there.

So here's where the Kepler Mission comes into play.Kepler, as I said, is a space telescope.It's depicted here cartooned in the bottom left-hand corner.

All of the absence of planets in this bottom right hand corner is due to that observational bias.Kepler observed a patch of sky for four years.So in order to find an Earth analog orbiting at 365.25 days, you need to see it not just once, but twice--

Here's one example, a planet called Kepler-10c.Kepler-10c is larger than Earth by a factor of 2.35.We've actually also measured its mass with ground-based telescopes, and we find it's 17 times more massive than Earth.

So this is just pointing out that there's a lot of possibility to consider.Kepler has also found a class of planets that's orbiting, also, 10 times closer to its star than Mercury is to our own solar system, but planets that we knoware rocky, because we've measured their size-- their radius-- but also their mass.

That's the sample that's going to allow us to calculate the fraction of stars in our galaxy that host small, potentially habitable planets.Kepler-186 is orbiting one of these really low-mass stars, what we call an M dwarf.

That's the sample that's going to allow us to calculate the fraction of stars in our galaxy that host small, potentially habitable planets.Kepler, you can see, is here in the middle.

And here's spectra of three supernovae that I studied in the early 1990s.Kepler's law is that the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the distance, and you have to divide by the mass of the star.

budget of $20 million a year for the first four years.Kepler's job was to look at this 100-square degree patch of sky in the Milky Way galaxy, in the summer Milky Way.Here it's shown near the constellation Cygnus, also known as the Northern Cross.

Plato's theory inspired deeper study of geometry and symmetry.Kepler's model inspired his own great career in astronomy.And Kelvin's model inspired Peter Tait to develop the theory of mathematical knots, which remains a vibrant subject today.

OK. I'm just going to read a little bit.Kepler, Copernicus, that's what they were saying.

Keeps going. But a lot of this right down here, when you really see just these lines, these walls of worlds right here, that's from Kepler.Kepler's really special. Let's talk about Kepler a little more.So this is a view, Kepler's view.

You can see it, little orb, featureless orb.Kepler-62e, you may notice, its companion, that's that little star, is number 1.So that's, supposedly, prime real estate right now.

Now the reason why I think this is an especially important discovery is that these kind of miniature solar systemslike Kepler 11 turn out to be very common. If you pick a random star likethe sun, there is a chance something like one in three that it has one of these where all the planets orbits are

We don't have a way to downlink data, a lot of it.And Kepler is orbiting our Sun, just like Earth is.It's in an Earth-trailing orbit.

Now, you've got the time between dimmings-- that's the orbital period.Johannes Kepler taught us in the 1600s that the orbital period is directly related to the distance between the star and the planet.So now you know how close to the campfire you are-- that is, you know if it's amenable for liquid water to pool on the surface, or if it's in this Goldilocks zone.

That's the sample that's going to allow us to calculate the fraction of stars in our galaxy that host small, potentially habitable planets.But Kepler-452 is older.

And this is the fundamental result from the Kepler mission from 2009 to 2013.Before Kepler launched, from ground-based observations, we knew that big planets like Jupiterwere around maybe 1% of the stars in the sky.

It's not totally dead yet, but its glory days are over.The Kepler wave, I think, has kind of passed.There's going to be a lot of data analysis to still do in the future, but its glory days are gone.

you get that measurement of the wobbling star, and you pair it with the light curve, the light curve is giving you the estimatedBecause Kepler stars are mostly too far away.

Look, I think we're talking about more uncertainty here and as you know, more costs and potentially higher prices. Um,you referenced Kepler's latest data. I mean, it shows really how constrained shipping has become, those crossingsthrough the straight of Hormuz, you know, one of the world's vital waterways when it comes to uh getting energy out

So I'm going to walk you through what an exoplanet is, where we're at, and then I was going to tell you a bit about a spacetelescope called Kepler and the data that it has and how we use that data.I'm going to funnel through towards how we think we're going to find signs of life.

But before I do get started with more technical stuff, I thought I'd show you these travel posters.This says "Kepler-186f, where the grass is always redder on the other side." And that star system I just showed you, it's a small red star, not a big yellow star like our Sun.So you might imagine that if most of the energy output is coming at red wavelengths, maybe the vegetation is a different color to harvest light

So just imagine, you go there and you can parachute."Relax on Kepler-16b, the land of two suns, where your shadow always has company." So what I like to say is science fiction got some things right,because you know there are planets that orbit two stars.

That means their time to get around their star, their year, for one complete orbit, is less than a day.And by Kepler's third law, it tells us that planets closer to the star are moving faster.So these planets are also extremely close.

so and then of course you move to it wasbrah and Kepler the last of the greatest naked eye astronomers it's at that timethat people started looking for a explanation for Celestial phenomena the kind of explanation that we are familiar

And it was later on his students like Plato and Aristotle that sought to geometrize this idea.So when Kepler, our very first astrophysicist, came on the scene after 2,000 years of people being stuck--the Ptolemaic models and all these epicycles-- it was Kepler that really at the end of the day a physical cause for why the planets were moving.

That's the sample that's going to allow us to calculate the fraction of stars in our galaxy that host small, potentially habitable planets.So the planet Kepler-186f, which is the Goldilocks planet, is orbiting with a much shorter orbital period.

And here's spectra of three supernovae that I studied in the early 1990s.They're transiting the Kepler satellite.

And here's spectra of three supernovae that I studied in the early 1990s.And that's Kepler's second law, of course.

And here's spectra of three supernovae that I studied in the early 1990s.And the Kepler satellite has been wonderful recently at finding transiting ones.

So there's plenty of candidates, and as we know from recent exoplanet searches, experiments,things like Kepler, and so on, most stars have planets, and probably 20% of them have Earth-like planets-- inhabitable.Maybe 10% or 20% habitable Earth-like planets.

are all converging on the same point, really.We've had the Kepler Space Telescope, which has shown us that Earth-like planets are common.So whereas 20 years ago, we might have believed there were no other planets outside the solar system, we now know Earth-like planets are common.

Here it's shown near the constellation Cygnus, also known as the Northern Cross.Basically what Kepler did was monitor the brightness of 150,000 specifically selected stars in this fieldand just monitor their brightness over time, very, very precise measurements of the brightness.

So let me talk a little bit about the future.The successor to the Kepler mission has already been approved for launch in August of 2017.It's called the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite or TESS.

good idea. By the way, uh uh he just wrote to me that has just written theand the Kepler and and a narrative way I could understand them but I really I

So for Kepler, or even on the space station there are some misbehaving gyroscopes

So let's talk about Kepler some more, because this is obviously not Kepler data.We're all about Kepler.Well, this is actually kind of one of the Kepler prize finds, the crown jewels.

Pump the brakes. Don't get in your starship quite yet.This is Kepler-62e. That's Kepler-62f.What you're looking at here is what's called a light curve.

What you're looking at here is what's called a light curve.This is how Kepler finds planets.It doesn't look for wobbles.

This is Kepler's awesomely-named "Mysterium Cosmographicum." And basically, what he did is he took the various Platonic solids and the sphere--

This is the Kepler Mission which is going out now to- it's looking at just one four hundredth of the sky and it's trying to make a census of, of the planets that are there.

A very important discovery that was made with transits is shown on this chart.This is an object called Kepler 11.Now at first glance it looks kind of like the other one. We see there's a bunch of static and that's just our

conditions. So that's the Mustafar like planet from uh from that third Star Warsprevious space telescope called the Kepler telescope. And so I can tell you uh for sure that the the science team

And at the end of the Kepler mission where it was looking for exoplanets from this transiting technique, where the planet moves in front

You see him there on the Kepler Track, one of the great walks in New Zealand.

And if you just apply Kepler's laws, you can deduce that there must be something that's 4.4 million times the mass of the sun.