then 40 and then kids and then I start to, you know, change and maybe at some deeper level we are making a certain set Hubble who is a great astronomer noticed through powerful observations through the telescope at Mount Wilson
So that's what makes a supercomputer. Hubble said, look, the universe is expanding, Mr. Einstein.
And he's published a big catalog. Hubble Space Telescope has only limited spectral capability, but James Webb Space Telescope is going to have superb special capability.
And we now know that this is because of an expansion of space itself. Hubble himself resisted that interpretation back in the late 1920s and early 1930s.But we now know that it's the case.
OK, and what did you build? Hubble telescope. A public telescope?Hubble telescope. Wow, you're kidding.
Hubble telescope. A public telescope?Hubble telescope. Wow, you're kidding.It used to be that there was a set back in the '70s.
out that these little spes that people had detected in their telescopes were in fact galaxies in their own right it was Hubble again who made the next big Discovery a few years later that the universe is getting bigger not only is it big not only are there 100 billionother galaxies but it's expanding so what does that mean what it means operationally for Hubble Is that he figured out how far away the galaxies
expansion rate today but comparing it to what the expansion rate of the universe was in the past by basically doing what Hubble did measure velocity versus distance but do it to much much larger distances than Hubble was able to do sothe way to do this is to make take advantage of supernova what you want is something that is very very bright so
and we can get to that doubling number. Then Hubble found that, in fact, the universe was expanding.
This is what Hubble would see, and these are the infrared images. So Hubble has seen three different phenomena. We have interpreted the Hubble images to see these three different phenomena.
for planets. So let's imagine for a moment we could transport ourselves to one of these, not the TRAPPIST ones, but some planets orbiting a slightly bigger star. The Hubble Space Telescope is a shared observatory and has instruments that were designed for things not related to exoplanets.
there's an um a there was a seminar in 1929 when Einstein is supposed to have stood up and finally said okay I concede to Hubble that you know yes the um universe is expanding but then recently colleagues of mine found uh in the Jerusalem um Einstein archives an unpublished manuscript because it was correct him trying Einstein trying to
The Earth, because it's in this creative zone, is able to evoke the creative dynamics that give birth to this. Edward Hubble called him up.
So anybody knows what this is? The Hubble Space Telescope, right? Which is one of the most amazing machines ever invented.
And so it's a crazy star. So Hubble only saw this little corner here of this diagram where he put that line through these dots.
If you're not very good at doing this almost intuitively, you shouldn't be driving at night. So Hubble did this with a type of star known as a cepheid variable. And you might think, oh it's a variable star, so that's no good.
Umm, this is inside the dome. Uh, this is the hundred-inch telescope that was actually used by Hubble to, uh, figure out the expansion of the universe. What Hubble managed to do was that he figured out a relationship between, uh, the galaxies that are moving away from us and the distance, uh, that they lie from us and if you work backwards in time using -- using this relationship, this mathematical relationship that he came up with between velocity and distance it became
And the universe that we see now is seven orders of magnitude larger than the universe we saw 90 years ago, which is a good stat. When Hubble , Edwin Hubble in 1926 realized that the nebulae, or some of the nebulae, were actually island universes, he called them, galaxies outside the Milky Way. People started racing around trying to measure the distances to these things.
So suppose like the Hubble Space Telescope is a tube in space and you want to observe every single star in the universe,
And this is what Hubble first wanted to do back in the 1920s when he first discovered that these galaxies existed.
You see Hubble photos on the front page of the "New York Times" or cover of magazines.
And when Hubble was launched and had mirror problems, he was beaten up mercilessly.
A question about the Hubble telescope-- how was it?
This is what these would look like if you could see them close up. This is what Hubble would see, and these are the infrared images. So Hubble has seen three different phenomena.
So Hubble has seen three different phenomena. We have interpreted the Hubble images to see these three different phenomena. So one is that galaxies start down here.
And so celebrating Hubble -- it's a really great-- there's many more.
And so we don't have a lot of experience with galaxies. Then it was Hubble in the 1920s. He realized that these smudges of light actually were far outside of the Milky Way Galaxy.
The Earth, because it's in this creative zone, is able to evoke the creative dynamics that give birth to this. This is from the Hubble telescope.
So you're not going to see a sun-like star or even a fairly bright star, like a Cepheid variable, which is what Edwin Hubble used to get the low redshift end of the Hubble diagram. But supernovae, in fact, are bright enough to be seen at distances of billions of light years.
to the Hubble Space Telescope, will always be able to look.
but the Hubble Space Telescope was used to take data on this comet during this impact.
I'm biased, but it's true. This is from the Hubble , and it's called the Hubble Deep Field picture. That means the following.
I've tried using food to talk about cosmology. So explaining the Hubble expansion, the expansion of the universe in terms of pizza dough, for example. Here you see an example of our galaxy, the Milky Way, here, and a model of the universe expanding here with other galaxies-- the other bits of olives expanding out
And so it's a crazy star. But what Hubble discovered was that he charted out the velocity of those distant star crowds
And so it's a crazy star. And this Hubble 's Law is telling us that far away galaxies are moving away from us faster than nearby galaxies.
The speed of a galaxy caused by the expansion of space at any given time is proportional to its distance, with the constant of proportionality being given by Hubble 's constant. And it's a constant only in the sense that it's the same everywhere in the universe at a given time.
And then if we get the same answer with star Vikram or something like that, we start gaining confidence that we're using the right technique. So this is what Hubble used to determine the distances of galaxies in the mid-1920s. And he was the one who showed what many suspected, and that is that these spiral nebulae are far, far outside our Milky Way galaxy.
Here's the new image. And here's a Hubble picture of it a few weeks later, and it's marked with an arrow, so it's got to be a type 1a supernova.
So you've got Hubble Space Telescope, revolutionizes astronomy, two and a half meters or so.
and imagine you had perfect vision so you could see everything in the universe what would you see well you would see galaxies this is the Hubble Deep Field of galaxies this is a picture of the univers that you would get by taking a powerful telescope and aiming it at an empty part of the sky and letting it sit there for a long time and colle collect
were and other people had measured their recession velocities galaxies it turns out are moving away from us that was known before Hubble but what people didn't know is whether or not that just meant that they were being kicked out of our galaxy or whe they were something else what Hubble realized is that if you plotted the distance to a Galaxy versus its velocity you got a
that was known before Hubble but what people didn't know is whether or not that just meant that they were being kicked out of our galaxy or whe they were something else what Hubble realized is that if you plotted the distance to a Galaxy versus its velocity you got a straight line the farther away a galaxy is the faster it is moving away from us what that means is that we're not at the
the top right and you see indeed there's a little spot there in that Galaxy because the Hubble Space Telescope can do what Hubble did you can measure the total amount of matter in the universe by seeing the deceleration of the universe the
to the order that I used in the book. So I started off in, uh, California at the Mount Wilson Observatory near Pasadena and, uh, this is where in the 19 -- early 1900s Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding. So if you think back to the early 1900s, our conception of the universe was just the Milky Way. We had really no idea of whether there were any galaxies and if there were -- if there was anything else outside the Milky Way. And Hubble
This is a picture of the universe yesterday. This is what it looks like. This is the Hubble 's deep field which is majestic. If you think each one of these galaxies is around a hundred thousand light years across -- and a hundred thousand light years is quite a long way, even not in traffic.
They're not as cool as those Hubble images we were just looking at because they're taken from the ground.
And so astronomers wanted to do what Hubble did at the beginning and classify all of the shapes of these galaxies and classify what properties that they had as well.
If people remember the whole debacle of Hubble getting launched out of focus, that tracked back to Hubble 's mirror being a little too flat by a size that
and here's a chapter about Hubble and here's a chapter about Glossier, here's a chapter about Away and yada, yada.
is shown here through the Hubble telescope, that this could be resolved into stars, even the glowing gaseous nebulosity, what we call nebulosity now.