moment was captured by Rob Brown of Mike Parsons on what is regarded as the biggest wave ever ridden ever documented. Usually you don't see this wave pulled all the way back. White water eruption is absolutely gigantic. And here's the shot of Twiggy that's on the cover. And Greg and Twig were basically describing a sensation a condition where they were so amped on adrenaline that their bodies were essentially overdosing every single time they'd
And I'll just sort of tease how that would've killed things. These eruptions also injected incredible amounts of carbon dioxide into the air and caused extreme global warming, ocean acidification, and marine anoxia. So that should sound kind of scary, and it is, and I'll get back to that.
is the way that they learn. So you, you can -- and you can, as it were, get people to admit to errors that they might otherwise conceal. big eruptions in the coming century between people, sort of, investment in virtual property, which they actually have no ownership rights over,
Magma then breaks the surface and becomes lava, the name we give to molten rock when it’s above ground. Et voilà: an eruption . Not all eruptions are equal, though.
Geologists estimate that more than 70 percent of the world’s volcanoes are hidden under the sea at mid-ocean ridges: divergent plate boundaries where two oceanic plates are pulling apart. Geologists finally witnessed an eruption at a mid-ocean ridge for the first time in 2025. Just, so cool! Sometimes volcanoes can form in places called hotspots, where a big plume of super-hot mantle rock rises up underneath the crust, causing rock to melt and erupt at the surface.
Like, Dr. Kate Kiseeva has examined garnet inclusions in diamonds using advanced scientific tools to get more information about the composition of the deep mantle. The last kimberlite eruption was 13 million years ago, and we don’t know if another will ever happen again. So while diamonds continue to grow deep underground, we're left to mine the ones that ancient eruptions have already lofted into Earth's crust.
This is El Reventador volcano in Ecuador, and its name in Spanish means "the eruptor." As you can see, it was happy to oblige with an eruption for this shot. Now, this volcano, when I worked there, was erupting about every 30 minutes.
And so, for the first time-- by that point, we were six or seven years into the company of, literally, just around the clock-- around the clock. The spontaneous eruption of the entire audience in the middle of something that wasn't like a scream or a yell-- it was, like, celebratory.
is going to have her vision momentarily blinded just as dramatically and uncomfortably as her subject. So the eruption of flash disorients subject and photographer alike. And that's something that's used to really great effect, of course, near the end of Hitchcock's "Rear Window," where the effect is really something
Helens, which is a volcano in the US. And we reproduced eruption of this volcano. And it comes with a power supply.
You can see his magnificent architect's penmanship on display in one of the hundreds of Linear B inscriptions he copied by hand. the Thera eruption ? Right.
Getty ordered this built from his house in London in the 1970s and he based it off of a Roman villa that had been excavated just outside of Pompeii and it had been buried by the eruption of Vesuvius. And so Getty had found the plans for this Roman villa and built what we today call the Getty Villa to emulate that villa and filled it with his art collection, his rapidly growing
Et voilà: an eruption . Not all eruptions are equal, though. Some are huge and explosive, while others look more like a cool feature at a water park.
Pressure builds until— blam-o! — you get an explosion. And those eruptions from different types of lava create different shapes of volcanoes, too. Like, the runniest lavas often create shield volcanoes, which are big, low, and flat.
Composite volcanoes erupt with remarkable variety, sometimes unleashing torrents of lava, other times sending up volcanic plumes of tephra that fall back to Earth. These combinations of eruptions build up the composite volcano's iconic steep flanks. When lava is extra sticky, it can’t “flow” away from the vent.
For magma to burst from the surface, conditions have to be just right. Many volcanic eruptions happen at plate boundaries: places where the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s outermost layer squish together or spread apart. Like, lots of volcanoes form at subduction zones, where two tectonic plates converge.
And the heat of volcanic systems can be tapped for geothermal energy, which we’ll get more into in a later episode. But some eruptions can cause serious destruction. Thick volcanic ash can blanket crops, collapse structures, and suffocate people and animals.
Then, kimberlite eruptions can blast them to the surface. Most kimberlite eruptions happened between 250 and 50 million years ago. And their diamonds started forming long before the blasts, up to 3 billion years ago.
A city which receives the ashes of active volcanoes. I’ve survived eruptions and earthquakes, and that’s why I like to say my writing cardiac .” In other words, the threatening energy — the life force of Ojeda’s horror writing — is inspired by the natural landscape.
Now, this volcano, when I worked there, was erupting about every 30 minutes. So not all eruptions are catastrophic and devastating. Obviously, we're primed to pay attention to the ones that threaten populated areas or are extremely large, but volcanoes
tons of dust and soot and particles into the atmosphere. If it's a big enough eruption , it has a measurable effect globally on temperature. And we've seen that.
You don't want to go to the emergency shelter because you know that violent assaults, physical assault, sexual assault happens there, and you'd much rather take your chance with the volcanic eruption or with the cyclone than actually take your chance in that shelter where you know may be attacked or robbed.
The mid-ocean ridge turned out to be a series of divergent plate boundaries, where the mantle wells up as plates pull apart, forming huge mountains and driving volcanic eruptions . This was a major point in favor of plate tectonics theory.
And they’re not just nice to look at. They’re remnants of volcanic eruptions that happened millions of years ago. They unravel mysteries about deep Earth and deep time.
One theory is that volcanic eruptions released gases like carbon dioxide and methane, which made up Earth’s early atmosphere.
And right now around the world, there are about 45 volcanoes erupting at this very moment. So it's not like volcanic eruptions are rare or unusual. It's just that they don't always occur in an area where we would hear about it, because it's really only if they impact us as humans that it makes the news.
which we heard during the eruptions in Bosnia when Yugoslavia was falling apart and the Serbs were trying
It bears the scars of the 20th century eruption .
Thick volcanic ash can blanket crops, collapse structures, and suffocate people and animals. Plus, eruptions can cause avalanches of hot ash called pyroclastic flows, and landslides and mudslides called lahars. So it makes sense that some folks have tried to control erupting volcanoes.
There’s no big cork you can stick in there. But there are ways to forecast and prepare for eruptions . Geologists and volcanologists monitor warning signs of volcanic activity, like earthquakes, swelling in the ground, and steam rising ominously from places it shouldn’t.
Almost all the planet’s earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen in one place. The Ring of Fire!
As for super-deep diamonds like the Hope, they have to rise a bit higher in the mantle first, possibly by hitching a ride on extra-hot rock that flows from the lower mantle to the upper. Then, kimberlite eruptions can blast them to the surface. Most kimberlite eruptions happened between 250 and 50 million years ago.
They can learn about the mantle’s composition through volcanic eruptions that spit out melted mantle rock or rip out hunks of it.
Can we reduce the risks of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions ?
I mean, obviously, you're Google. But the best place go for information about the different eruptions that are occurring right now is the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program. So if you look it up with the Smithsonian, you can get reports on what different volcanoes around the world are doing.
and in conversation. These eruptions occur, what can you do? These people just kill each other, what can you do? It's inevitable. It will be with us for all of, for all time.
He was safe. But the eruption wound up completely throwing his entire day off kilter because he was asleep when the volcano erupted.
We know from experience, based off eruption , this actually does.
An image of excited little animals packing their luggage that opened a small eruption on the consensus around the passivity of all this
What counts as a “supereruption” comes down to the Volcanic Explosivity Index, or VEI, which ranks the intensity of volcanic eruptions on a scale of zero to 8. For context, the strongest volcanic eruptions of the past century or so were around a 6 on the VEI. But a supereruption is VEI of 8, meaning it ejects at least 1000 cubic kilometers of ash, pumice, and debris.
But if the lava is extra gassy or has slightly more silica, eruptions can get a little more explosive. Lava can sputter up along fractures in the ground, called a fissure eruption . Or it can fountain from a central vent, falling back down as tephra: chunks of rock that can be as small as ash, or as big as houses.
So what you're looking at here is sulfur crystals forming. They're basically crystallizing as the warm gases are released from the magma chamber in a slower way than a violent eruption , and they're beautiful. So I figured you all would appreciate the beauty that we see with the brutality of volcanoes.
And probably the simplest way is just to fly aircraft very high in the stratosphere and sprinkle sulfur particles, sulfate particles into the atmosphere, and basically mimic what happens in a volcanic eruption when a volcano goes up and chucks out tons of dust and soot and particles into the atmosphere.
Now in the last few years, there's just been an eruption of empirical literature testing this hypothesis.
and poems, you know, waiting for this eruption of writing that never happened.
in well she's very fiery but in this in the trailer she's the person that wants to maximize the volcanic eruption . Um
particular, that it's a causes this kind of eruption . The only thing I can think of, otherwise, who cares, really? You read something by someone disagree with and you think, ugh, what an
was like uh Van Halen day um and the you know like kids were like like there's a dude playing eruption and like hot for
Its lava flows harden into broad flanks of basalt that end up looking kind of like a shield. But if the lava is extra gassy or has slightly more silica, eruptions can get a little more explosive. Lava can sputter up along fractures in the ground, called a fissure eruption .
Geologists and volcanologists monitor warning signs of volcanic activity, like earthquakes, swelling in the ground, and steam rising ominously from places it shouldn’t. They also base forecasts on volcanoes’ recurrence intervals, or the average times between past volcanic eruptions . This can give us clues to when a peak might erupt again.