This is roughly how it looks. Electrodes on the surface of the brain that are tiny enough to be able to decode the activity of individual cells in the brains of a patient.When we wrap it up and close it, it looks like that.
What you'll notice is that we're never really touching either of those walls as we're inserting this device, and so we can have these modiolar-hugging self-wrapping electrodes that can position our high charge injection capacity electrodes in the scala tympani, this region in the cochlear,up against the organ of corti neurons that allows us to do better stimulation.
It culminated in electroshock therapy. Electrodes were attached to my fingers and then shocks were given to me while I was shown pornographic images of men having sex with men.This would be later on-- my first kiss, within seconds, I would puke just simply from the excruciating pain of remembering what that felt like.
So what happens here? The electrodes are placed in a partially evacuated tube with an inert gas and some small traces of mercury vapor. So what happens? Electric discharge first ionizes the gas.
And you're kind of reenacting or reliving the situation. From electrodes measuring underlying cortical firings.
experiments on animals and then on humans to show that they could control behavior through electrical stimulation. With electrodes implanted in the brain, they could put animals to sleep or wake them up. They could make an animal hungry or satiated, aggressive or fearful.
from anything else. And if it burst into fireworks, then at least it's in a container. Here's an electrode from a new cell compared to one from an old one.
The last quick story I wanted to tell you, just to wrap up in the last five minutes, is now looking at aspects of our psychology and cognitive slide an electrode through your skull, into your brain, and just tickle the mesolimbic pathway with electrical impulses.
The last quick story I wanted to tell you, just to wrap up in the last five minutes, is now looking at aspects of our psychology and cognitive So not just the electrode experiments, but some of these other psychoactive compounds animals will preferentially choose given the choice as well.
We'll convene. We will advocate. So there's flexible electrode projects.
They see it in an MRI scanner getting very active. And people had an electrode .
She said, I'd love to go out with you. Or DBS-- put an electrode in the brain right into the pleasure center.
audience #3: Alexander. Jack Stahl: Alexander's point was galvanize is, in scientific work-- terms, the attraction of chemicals to-- audience #3: An electrode . Jack Stahl: An electrode . And this is attracting people's energy to a set of focus priorities.
audience #3: An electrode . Jack Stahl: An electrode . And this is attracting people's energy to a set of focus priorities. So it is, I think, very similar. Thank you for that.
We have, for decades, been shaping our brains to function in the world in a particular way. You have these electrodes right on the surface of the brain.
So this paper describes how he put electrodes into the rats. And the electrodes stimulated the rats when they pressed a button in the cage. And they started pressing the bottom like mad.
There's a lot of talk about brain, computer interfaces where you're-- I mean, two of my colleagues and friends are doing companies where they're thinking about, how do we implant electrodes into the brain? But the fact is that planting electrodes in the brain has a lot of limitations, the main one being neurosurgeons don't want to do it because there's always
We open the brain-- mice, rats. We stick electrodes inside their head. And those electrodes are fine microphones that listen to the activity of brain cells in a very, very accurate and precise way
We stick electrodes inside their head. And those electrodes are fine microphones that listen to the activity of brain cells in a very, very accurate and precise way and tell us, basically, what the person is or the animal is thinking about in a very, very direct way.
What we do is we open people's brains. We stick electrodes inside their head. And we eavesdrop on the activity of individual cells in their brain while they think, while they're awake, while they're talking, trying to understand how it works.
So that's the clinical purpose of this procedure. You have electrodes in your brain, and we're recording your acuity all the time while you watch TV, read books, talk to your friends.
So that's the clinical purpose of this procedure. We put in electrodes in the emotional part of the brain and tell them, using feedback, that something that they did right now actually sends
So that's the clinical purpose of this procedure. And now with those electrodes , I can put it in different places, plus feedback from those patients, we can actually teach people how to control them.
If you put electrodes on your brain, you're using more of your brain capacity than normal.
or using micro electrodes in animal studies.
So he inserted electrodes into the monkey's brains, specifically to a part of the brain called the midbrain where there is dopaminergic neurons.
We put EEG electrodes on them.
we place electrodes into uh a part of the structure under deep anesthesia
So you can stick electrodes in them and say, OK, it's firing.
So if you only had one electrode working that's what a sound would sound like. If you had two electrodes , You start to get a little bit of definition in the sound, but it's still hard to pick out what's what.
And with more electrodes , we will be able to capture more information.
You can use electrodes on particularly the forehead.
DARPA is very interested in all sorts of things that improve human performance. With actual electrodes in the brain, this quality would probably much, much higher.
DARPA is very interested in all sorts of things that improve human performance. One is making electrodes smaller and smaller and smaller.
by 10 grid of electrodes on the tongue.
It has electrodes that touch the auditory nerve.
I'm going to put a ground electrode behind my arm like this.
that's wrapping tightly around the vagus nerve. That's a two-channel electrode . We spend a lot of time studying the failure mechanics at interfaces to make sure these devices are going to withstand the aggressive, high deformation
So what I'm going to play for you is some different sounds of what sounds might sound like in a cochlear implant. So if you only had one electrode working that's what a sound would sound like. If you had two electrodes ,
The auditory nerve has 30,000 neurons in it on each side. And the first cochlear implant had one electrode . The best ones implanted in people today have 23.
Now this is the most extreme case of this mismatch. Because it's literally one electrode in Jonny Ray's brain, but more than a million neurons in his motor cortex. But that gave him enough control to be able to type out messages on an on-screen keyboard, which is a dramatic step up from just being able to blink at people.
DARPA is very interested in all sorts of things that improve human performance. University of Michigan has 1,000 electrode wireless chip.
But if you could get around the danger, this new electrolyte was a huge perk. It let lithium-ions shuttle between electrodes without breaking down the solvent or the cell, at least not until much higher voltages. Whittingham had unlocked lithium's potential, and in the process, he'd broken through the 1.23 volt ceiling.
10 times the number of electrodes -- That's nice.
You can only look at behavior, record the behaviorism. So this paper describes how he put electrodes into the rats. And the electrodes stimulated the rats when they pressed a button in the cage.
how do we implant electrodes into the brain? But the fact is that planting electrodes in the brain has a lot of limitations, the main one being neurosurgeons don't want to do it because there's always
So that's the clinical purpose of this procedure. and he wants me to put electrodes in his brain and extract them.
And by recording sleep with electrodes placed all over their head, we've discovered that there are big, powerful brain waves that happen during the very
Science went and put some electrodes on some piece of meat, brain, like a dead body, and they didn't find any action going on in there.
And they stimulate through the electrodes into that space in the ear.