So, you have a big steam engine rotating uh rods and pulleys and belts and drove the factory, very efficient. And then electricity came in and they replaced the steam engine with an electric engine um thinking that it was going to help a lot and productivity didn't increase at all and they were puzzled.
- Physicists started applying these ideas to the quantum world too, realizing that charged particles like electrons also have symmetries. Electrons have a phase, which you can think of as an arrow pointing in some direction, but you can offset this phase by any arbitrary amount so long as you do it simultaneously for all electrons.
Think about what it's like in the 1890s, right? Electricity being more widely available, at least in urban sectors. And things like, you know, light bulbs.
He proposed that everything. Electrons, basketballs, people, absolutely everything has a wavelength. And he defined this wavelength analogously to light as Planck's constant, divided by the particles momentum or mass times velocity.
So the professor starts by explaining the setup. Electrons are fired one at a time through two slits to be detected at a screen. Now, because you can't say for certain which slit the particle went through, quantum mechanics tells us it must go through both at the same time.
The first is that there are these trade restrictions trying to onshore the manufacturing of EVs, and the second is there were subsidies for used electric vehicles that lower income folks buy, as well as price caps and income limits, all of which are designed to make the EV subsidies more equitable Because the initial concern that the administration has, well, if you just subsidize new electric cars, those are mostly bought by rich people, and so you're
What we're working on now is forward-looking, thinking about what would be the effects of offering Chinese electric vehicles in the US. So why is this interesting?
Other times, the people come out 'cause they hate the emperor, and they drag the emperor out and cut his nose off or Elections give a government a mandate for, I don't know, four or five years, and during that period, you may be unpopular, but you're legitimate,
work, and so that's why we study forces. So there are the various subatomic forces of which we're familiar and for instance, electricity and magnetism are components of electromagnetism, which then governs the behavior of things like-- This is amazing. Electromagnetism explains, of course, electricity, magnetism, but it explains how light works.
over quite a few years actually. But all right, so now let's-- what you said is true. So Weinberg, Glashow, and Salam showed that electromagnetism and the weak force at high energies were the same. There was a problem, however, and the problem is that electromagnetism has an infinite range, And we know that because we can see stars that are millions of light-years
In the case of the weak force, we call them now the W and Z particles. So the idea is that Higgs and his colleagues came up with is saying, "All right, electroweak force is real. The way we make it so that there is now an electromagnetic force and a weak force is the force-carrying particle of electromagnetism has no
Since the Higgs field is zero, the weak force particles don't feel mass, and therefore, they can travel at the speed of light, just like the electroweak symmetry theory doesn't need Higgs because that only really applies at very, very high energies.
Since the Higgs field is zero, the weak force particles don't feel mass, and therefore, they can travel at the speed of light, just like the electron and an antimatter electron, and it just does. And we know that. The antimatter electron was discovered in 1932.
as a civilization. This is exciting because nuclear fusion, if achieved commercially, will solve most of our energy needs in a clean, safe way, providing virtually unlimited clean electricity. The problem is that fusion is incredibly difficult to achieve. You need to heat hydrogen to over 100 million degrees Celsius and contain it long enough for atoms to fuse. That's why the joke in the past has been that fusion is 30 years away and always will be. Just in case you're not familiar, let me
- Is everywhere, and we particularly use a type of hydrogen called deuterium, which is a heavier isotope of hydrogen. Hydrogen is typically one proton and one electron, atomic mass of one. Deuterium is an atomic mass of two, which is a proton, which is a charged particle, and it has a neutron in its nucleus, which is an uncharged particle. And so that's deuterium.
million degree temperatures. And temperature really is kinetic energy. It's motion, it's velocity. So that these particles are moving so fast that even though they're coming together and there's this repulsive electromagnetic force, they can still come close enough that another force comes into play, which is the strong force. And then once you get within a very close distance on the order of the scale of those nuclei themselves, of those atomic nuclei. So the tiniest thing you could
some of them won't get enough work to do. And if they don't get enough work to do, they demotivate everybody else by their mere elections. They had presidential elections last year.
there had been a paradigm shift, obviously. Rock music with the hero on stage was dead. Now it was, you know, dance, electronic music, which a lot of people today think it's kind of simplistic music form, but it's actually a very highly intelligent music form. At least it was in the '90s. People were really experimenting with that music. That was the new
the atoms are made of smaller things. Electrons in orbit around a nucleus that has neutrons and protons and neutrons and protons. They even have smaller particles, particles called quarks. The question is, is that the end of the story? Is it electrons and quirs and
late '20s was fantastic. If you talk about changes and and experiencing This was the first time there was electricity in houses. So that was the first time you would have refrigeration and you would have lighting in houses. This was the first time that you had um cars popular. That you could First time
together in a green leaf somewhere, right? Photosynthesis. What your mitochondria do is they they kind of unpack this, and they rip off the electrons one by one, and then they flow them like an electrical circuit. And that happens in the like the 5,000 trillion mitochondria that are in your body. And then when the electrons flow, they need to flow towards something. Just like an electrical circuit, electrons
alive. And uh mitochondria do this, and then as they do this, they transform energy from food biochemistry into electricity and into signals and into heat. And the reason the body is warm is because the mitochondria, as they transform and flow electrons like a little energetic circuit, they release heat. So the the source of heat, right,
And the Warburg effect is when a cell, in the presence of oxygen, right? If it wanted, it could use oxygen, flow electrons through mitochondria, and transform energy, and and live a nice social life, uh like every cell in in this social collective does in the body.
like smoking be cancer causing? electrons, right? Very direct parallel with the electrical circuit. There electrons stuck here on these little
like smoking be cancer causing? electron and you're trying to go through the the metabolic pathways looking for oxygen in a mitochondrion, but then
String theory says that what is a proton? What is an electron? They're nothing but vibrations of a string. So from a distance, this looks like a point particle. From a distance, this is an electron. But if you could magnify
begins to take apart the system and take away the things that ensure free elections can continue and I started watching that happen in multiple countries at the same time and I saw this authoritarian instinct started to come back and that's what I write about now are these just election cycles or is
Okay. So, a desalination plant takes salt water from the seas, and then through an electrochemical process, turns it into portable water that people can use uh for drinking purposes and for agricultural purposes.
So, you think the United States is going to put ground troops in, Iran are going to resist, and then chaos is going to break out in the United electricity, and food. So, you attack power plants. You attack
elections in Venezuela, it is not inconceivable that she would win in a democratic election, which is like blows
electorate, is a defensive voter. The electability narrative is very important for them. Like they're they're locked in
elections that have just happened around them. I talked to Nerra Tanden, Democratic Party strategist and president and CEO of the Center for
electoral office. Like if if someone is unfamiliar with what you do, with what the Center for American Progress does,
election coming up. We have other things. Or do you think this is just the fault of the people in there right now?
elections. They could advocate for small dollar numbers and people raising money through that? Like wouldn't
electricity, which is a a somewhat misleading measure of how expensive electricity is, but has been the sort of industry standard for a generation. Um
electoral majorities. And by the way, how do you know that?
Electoral College causes us to focus on six or seven states for battleground presidential results? It also means that
elections, right? Where young men tended to remain in the center or move in a slightly more conservative direction.
elections. To what extent does that also uh weaken President Zalinski as he tries
elections in late October. That's right.
elections happen because if you look at the polls at the moment, um they indicate that the prime minister's L
elections are needed to bring about a change in leadership, reforms in
election, it's clear that Russia will attempt to meddle, that Russia will
elections in the United States, the mid-term elections in November.
electricity system and another another objects and facilities for normal life
Election officials say he secured 60% of the valid votes cast. This was the moment the result was announced.
electric vehicles with real gusto, you know, because in China, in the region where you're sitting right now in
election campaign. In fact, I would say uh none of the major contenders except
elected offices. There are more than 230 elected Muslim officials nationwide, including four Muslim members of