and let's see oh yeah turn it on it always helps that's a bacterium and that's Bach and I'm going to say a little bit about them but mainly today I'm going totalk about back because that's where you folks come
came after the book was published and, therefore, is not in the book. Bacterium , yeah. --over thousands and thousands and thousands of generations.
substrates. The other type could not. It was anaerobic. And the anaerobic bacterium was probably a little bigger and it had like a a few more genes, um and it could only ferment its food and kind of fermenting the food, spitting out, you know, like lactate or like yeast does. And what happened is
The research was done in California’s salty, arsenic-filled Mono Lake, which, for a poison-loving microorganism, is like the Amalfi Coast. Researchers found this bacterium , GFAJ-1, which seemed like it might replace phosphorus with arsenic in its molecular makeup. Which would be super weird and cool because the fundamental building blocks of life are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and phosphorus —
So the idea that all organisms have to live in these incredibly complex dynamic environments. For a bacterium to do well, it still has to integrate a lot of information.
represents everything that exists it is a master family tree of life on Earth insects that carry the bacterium that went from zero to
And time and time again, we've discovered that's wrong. You always find some bacterium somewhere, very, very happy to live in those conditions. And then finally, there's been the advances-- again, this is all new to me, and it's really, really great stuff-- advances in evolutionary biology.
in Chennai who has a lab that's so unbiosafe, has such poor resources, that you can't even work on the TB bacterium itself because it's too dangerous. She has to work on E. coli which is the closest to TB that she can get and do studies on safely for her team. So what's the solution? Given that you have all these poor but willing researchers all over India working on this drug, on this bug and trying to come up with a solution and
but at this point is engineered with areas specifically for you to insert the DNA that you're interested in working with. So, you move your DNA into the plasmid, the plasmid goes into the bacterium , basically in a solution; it's pretty mechanical, really. It's a solution that makes the bacteria open up and in that liquid it, the plasmid just naturally moves in. And how do you know that all bacteria have actually accepted your DNA? The plasmid has also a sequence that endows the bacterium to resistance to antibiotics. In other words,
And so to say Earth is alive does not necessarily mean you're saying that Earth is an organism exactly the same way that a bird or a bacterium or a human is an organism shaped by natural selection. Earth is different from that.
And if alcohol is toxic to our big asses in quantities as small as 1/2 of 1%, how much alcohol do you think it takes to kill a teensy-weensy little bacterium ? Not too much is the correct answer.
from the molecular scale on up there are reasons why the parts inside a bacterium have the shapes they do and have the powers they do and fit together the way they do and we can reverse engineer these don't think that those reasons were the
microbiome against them and this is a very different view of disease than we're used to it's not something like tuberculosis which is caused by one bacterium or plague which is caused by one bacterium this is a case where an entire community of microbes has shifted from a normal healthy State into one that is likly to cause disease and
"Stop taking this so seriously. And we found yersinia pestis bacterium .
I actually wrote it down. It's myocom-- vaxcide? Bacterium ? And it actually triggers serotonin production.
So the idea that all organisms have to live in these incredibly complex dynamic environments. You can bring that right down to the level of a bacterium .
They made very interesting choices. So one of them ended up sort of symbiotically absorbing a bacterium which became the mitochondria. And so these cells began to be called the eukaryotes.
creating this lovely green fresh pasture um and it works at least for one specific condition called Clum defil a very weedy and invasive bacterium that can cause severe and intractable and often fatal cases of diarrhea
represents everything that exists it is a master family tree of life on Earth colleague named Marshall hertig discovered a new type of bacterium inside the cells of an insect and they
Now there is one element of hope, which is, this did happen, arguably, one other time, which is in plants. So what happened was the archaea enslaved a bacterium , created a eukaryotic cell, and basically created mitochondria, the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. Then, another amazing thing happened.
After all their hypothesizing, observing, and experimentation, the team felt like they had made a breakthrough. So they wrote about their findings in a super exciting study called “A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus.” A true banger. But here’s the thing: the scientific process doesn’t stop with the writing.
So the idea that all organisms have to live in these incredibly complex dynamic environments. Obviously, no one's arguing that a bacterium is as smart as human or anything like that.
represents everything that exists it is a master family tree of life on Earth all the insects in the local area should carry this MOS this bacterium and thus be unable to spread the diseases that
And that happened when a eukaryotic cell enslaved what's called a cyanobacteria. Basically, it was a type of bacterium that had evolved chlorophyll. And that's what created plants.
So then some of these particles even seed ice crystals within the clouds. So as you were mentioning, there's a particular bacterium , Pseudomonas syringae, and it has extremely effective ice nucleators on its cell surface. So these are proteins that can arrange free-flowing water molecules into a solid frozen crystal.
Trash-- I'm kind of shocked, to be honest. As long as it's not radioactive, it filters 99% of the water-- of the bacterium out of the water.
Obviously, human beings do, but even a humble bacterium pokes around, seemingly knowingly, looking for food or something.
came after the book was published and, therefore, is not in the book. One of them that really stood out was the Lenski experiments where they actually chart the evolution of-- I think it's a bacterium --
"Stop taking this so seriously. for the Black Death in Europe was probably not yersinia pestis, or the bubonic plague bacterium , as most people believed.
The line of pictures wends its way off into the distance and eventually comes back to something like a bacterium .
a problem of poisonous vapors; it was because the water supply was contaminated by this bacterium . So, this outbreak rips through the neighborhood of Soho in London in late
complexity, even at the trailing edge of evolution; say bacterium . So, what does evolution want?
predictive capacity going forward, that tiny little cognitive light cone, I'm gonna say probably a bacterium . And if you say to me that, "Well, I'm able to care about
But if you don't, there are these things in your environment, for example, various species of yeast, which would give you thrush or TB, the bacterium
This galaxy probably has a hundred billion solar systems in it so it's a tiny, tiny thing, it's like a bacterium suddenly inflating a balloon the size of Manhattan.
So, let's show you a little summary of this. There's that dust particle. It's about the size of a bacterium , by the way, just a few microns across. So, nothing but a silicate
goes into the bacterium , basically in a solution; it's pretty mechanical, really. It's a solution that makes the bacteria open up and in that liquid it, the plasmid just naturally moves in. And how do you know that all bacteria have actually accepted your DNA? The plasmid has also a sequence that endows the bacterium to resistance to antibiotics. In other words, after you do that work, you put the bacteria in another medium with antibiotics. Those, that's what you're doing, pretty much straight forward Darwinian selection at that point.
and then they'll start ding tracker list bit torrent." I mean, you're just evolving the world's most perfect antibiotic resistant bacterium here. You know, this isn't going