How to pronounce “antitrust” in English

I mean, I had had a general idea that energy was important, but until I started studying the history of energy, which I ran into on a random project on Rockefeller'santitrust case, until I started studying the history of energy, I didn't really have a sense that this is the industry thatpowers every other industry.

And there's only 200 inspectors at City Hall.Antitrust turns out to be an extremely fertile and fungible public policy, because it's technology-neutral.

And in luge, because it's so fast and it's timed to the thousandth of a second-- if the track is even, like, half a secondBut antitrust and labor law were on the syllabus and I said, OK, just full disclaimer here, I don't know anything about these areas of law,

And every -- you know, most of it is somebody left their car unlocked and CDs were taken out or somebody left their garage unlocked lost somethe antitrust decree and because Congress didn't pass any legislation until 1996, he ran it for ten years.

So that's a really important feature of AI, which changes the barriers to entry, which then has huge implications for how the government shouldbe thinking about antitrust.The second aspect of what I want to talk about is the infrastructure layer itself.

A case he was in that was relevant to you here at Google is that he represented the US Department of Justicein its successful antitrust suit against Microsoft.He has a surprising history.

of the great companies, the big American corporations, whose actual ability to grow their businesswas limited by antitrust laws.And they, by and large, were not doubting their market share.

And there's only 200 inspectors at City Hall.Because in the previous antitrust things, it's been actually pro-consumer to limit the amount of data people have.

becomes immaterial compared to the reward you're getting from the participation in that it add up in its market place. So, I wanted to end on wanting credibly controversial notewhich is Antitrust, and Google in particular. At this point, I'm just repeating something that Alex is called--said in the speech, and we can continue this in the conversation offline.But he made an observation which is that, when big companies, especially dominant companies with quasi monopolies, use free. It may not--it may be policy and competition implications

But, you also are a giant powerful company, which is bumping up against issues that really matter to people like copyright and privacy and power -- concentration of power.Department's Antitrust Division -- Christine Varney -- say that she is going to look very closely at companies like Google, and about their market power and market concentration

I think, at that time, the government was a bit stronger.And they started developing all these antitrust laws and whatnot to just try to tame the dragon of business.We live in a time today where it's like, OK, now, this evolution of business-- it's so wrapped around this tech and the internet.

own everything. And if we would just give them all the stuff, they will allocate capital so wisely that we will get richer and richer and richer.And you know the history of antitrust is full of counter examples, right?Like when we broke up the phone company into six companies, they got bigger in aggregate than they were as one firm.

There should be a balance.And the stuff on-- looks after the antitrust investigation.

And I must say, after the last couple of days that we've been doing this, this is a bit of an oasis, a blessed relief wherewe can get away from antitrust and talk about bullshit.Excellent, so Evan's book, "Post-Truth-- Why We Have Reached Peak Bullshit and What We Can Do About It." Now, it's something of a crowded market.

And that involves, in this case, the state.It involves the implementation of antitrust policy, and that's an old story in the US.This is a contemporary cartoon from early in the last century, the octopus of the Standard Oil Company.

And what as the consequence of the robber barons?The consequence was the origin of antitrust and indeed, the Standard Oil Company was broken up by US antitrust as was Bell Telephones, et cetera,subsequently. So there's an old history of fighting against monopolies in the US, and sustaining an institutional environment which

And there's only 200 inspectors at City Hall.There is a role for antitrust regulators, as well.

And there's only 200 inspectors at City Hall.So in fact if you use antitrust against there, you may in fact make life worse for the consumers rather than better.

So one of the most interesting use cases of AI that you're seeing is reduction of barriers to entry.So now I'll take you to the world of antitrust, where in all of these large antitrust cases being battled out right now, a big issue that happensis that larger companies have access to lots of data, which create barriers to entry, which prevents new companies from entering.

These are the anti-- these are the people who created the antitrust rules that helped take away antitrust.

We kind of have to credit the Microsoft antitrust trial.

Fourth, we argue that antitrust policy is an incredibly powerful tool for maintaining a competitive and dynamic economy,

Another area that's been almost completely neglected by antitrust policy has been the power that companies have over workers, rather

years in every domain not just intellectual property but also antitrust

Google, heaven forbid, they'd probably like to be a monopolist too, if they could get away with it.But this is Bill Gates giving evidence to the US antitrust authorities.This is, I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

You paid a fee, and the state enforced your patent.The government enforced your patent like the government enforced antitrust.This inspired this word inclusive in the research we do, but that's the economics of it.

"The Street Car Conspiracy" by the author and former US and antitrust attorney Bradford Snell refers to the allegations that GM and other companies

And there's only 200 inspectors at City Hall.Actually, the antitrust came out of the railroad, so we'll say a car, a carriage.

And there's only 200 inspectors at City Hall.It was one of the real first substantial essentially antitrust remedies against Google on this.

to figure out. Christine Varney and FTC is going to start thinking about it now, maybe someday these will get to the courts. I expect that over the next decade, we're going tohave to figure out whether free is an antitrust issue in this market place and I suspect that the people in this room will probably part of that in one way or another. I hope youguys--I think free should not be seen as predatory and unfair, but I would not be surprised if others make the claim that it is. So, with that, I will end my Power Point and we can--we

who is a leading expert on oil policy and antitrust sort and international commerce as well she is an associate

anti corporate laws in the United States but instead we have antitrust law the focus was Standard Oil and the ultimate

That's sort of the first section of the book. The middle section of the book, I talk more about, about a public life in particular, the sort of regulation of business.The regulation of competition, antitrust is one.The actual infrastructure itself. So everything having to do with regulation of the Internet or all the companies that provide access and infrastructure

And I said, "Mr. Gates," I said, "When you think about the future, what do you worry about? What's your nightmare?" And I expected he would say, "Netscape."He was about to go on trial for violating the antitrust laws, which he was found guilty twice of doing. I thought he would say, "Oracle, Sun, Apple."He didn't say that. He thoughtfully rocked back and forth gently, and he said, "I'll tell you what I worry about, Ken."

And I say that as someone who's been very sympathetic to the antitrust fight, because I do think we have antitrust problems in technology.

I'm not here to talk about things like regulating tech and antitrust and things like that.

So policy changes? I recommend some changes in antitrust laws, because they don't quite fit emerging situations.

And the reason that Europeans came after both Microsoft and Google on antitrust and regulatory issues was to make it more and more difficult

a suggestion. And that led to antitrust lawsuits in 1991.

it's taken about a hundred years but through some pretty fundamental changes in US antitrust policy in particular but

We have a lot of issues. We have antitrust issues.

So I'll talk a little bit about that.And then the other part of what I'll talk really about is the world of antitrust.And being at Google, you guys are very well familiar with what's happening.

And so it's an entirely different field of discussion, like antitrust and breaking up tech companies and stuff like that.

market. And yet there's literally never been an antitrust merger case that blocked a merger because of the way it reduced options for employment for workers.

and all of these measures, in all of these contexts-- antitrust, hate speech, privacy, taxes.

Yeah. The one email became part of the Gates antitrust and he decided after that, that was the end of his email writing days.

We need to ask why was it that in the US they were so obsessed with setting up this patent system?Or, why was it they created a state that was able to enforce antitrust, and drag the richest man in the world into a court?Why was it that the US created such a political society, or such a set of political institutions?

and and that actually presents problems in other things like with the match um for a while there was an antitrust

unionize the rights to collective bargaining the first campaign finance laws in the united states and antitrust