Right. And here I was again able to moonlight because I've published several dozen papers on the dynamics, the stability, and origin of the jets that come from the accretion disks around both stars and black holes.And I published them in "Astrophysical Journal," gone to a lot of conferences, and then decided to use that expertise, because jets form naturally an astonishingly
And this is what tells us whether the matter is ionized, whether it's a plasma, or it's a neutral, or it's a partially ionized plasma. This is an accretion disk where a compact star is accreting matter from another star. So the complex star is here.
Now, it doesn't come from the black hole itself because nothing can escape a black hole. It comes from this accretion disk area around it. It would be like pulling the plug out of the bath and the water trying to go down so fast that some of it splashed back up in your face,
So the star formation rate, the MstarDT, is DMstar, the Mhalo, the MhaloDT. That's the accretion rate. And that allowed us to predict what the star formation rate should be across more than an order of magnitude
They sort of snowballed. You had this accretion by the rich getting richer sort of process. That's certainly possible. But it's also possible that there's some reason to the rhyme, if you will, that-- that's
So they're incredibly, incredibly, incredibly fast. And so it's this accretion disk glowing. It's this jet that we can see from the centers of galaxies that tells us this very energetic accretion process onto the black hole is happening.
is what's really controlling star formation in at least many of the dark matter halos, hosting star-forming galaxies. We called this Stellar Halo Accretion Rate Co-evolution, or SHARC for short. There's a kind of model that theorists make that we call bathtub models of galaxy formation and, of course, I put the SHARC in the bathtub.
once you go into the black hole we cannot map the innermost regions of the black hole and now we are going to March over to an artist rendition of this accretion disc which is the feeding gas disc for black hole which will appear now in the center of the frame and black holes are um the accretion process so as
two black holes very rapidly if you have a gas disc and what you see as waves are density waves that are generated in the accretion disc which are potenti observable because You' get emission you'd get shocks from them and you could probably get flares uh that we would see so as you all know the Breakthrough really uh um in um the ligo detection
So you as material falls inward, 'cause everything's rotating,, as it falls inward, it'll spin up, and then it'll form a disk. Material will collect in what's called an accretion disk or a proto-planetary disk. And you can simulate all of that.
mergers of galaxies and what you see here are two spiral galaxies gas Rich spiral galaxies that have accreting black holes and the flickering tells you the accretion that the fact that the accretion is on and these black holes are actually actively growing due uh during the merger process so what's very interesting is the the um the merger itself is quite violent in the end
hopes of making a mark. A basic thesis of the book is that the slow accretion of these modern values finally achieved the critical mass necessary to whet the desire in individuals to innovate, to spur capabilities required to innovate and boost
So I treated a chunk of that Murchison with chloroform and methanol and you're gonna hear about that as soon as I tell you just a bit about where it came from. So, one source of organic compounds on the early Earth is delivery during late accretion . So this is the asteroid Eros. And it's from a NASA JPL slide-by in the last few years. Look at the impact craters. Those are on every asteroid we've looked at. Those impact craters occur when a smaller chunk
What is the great big orange donut around the outside, as it's been fondly nicknamed? Well, that's something we call the accretion disk. So most people think of black holes as sort of these endless Hoovers that can just suck up anything, essentially.
And so if you've got that incredibly hot ionized gas moving in a magnetic field, you're going to have all sorts of stuff going on. One of those things is that it can actually funnel a lot of this accretion disk material into what we call these relativistic jets, which are these big blue things that you can see coming out of that region there.
over to an artist rendition of this accretion disc which is the feeding gas disc for black hole which will appear now in the center of the frame and black holes are um the accretion process so as gas Falls onto the black hole um it gets heated and the temperature is about a
As the Tethys Ocean floor subducted, some of it got scraped up by the moving continents and left behind. All that sediment from the ocean floor built up between the continents and formed an accretionary wedge, full of rocks and, yup, fossils from deep down under the sea. India kept on moving, and that accretionary wedge got shoved further and further up toward the sky, forming the Himalayas.
All that sediment from the ocean floor built up between the continents and formed an accretionary wedge, full of rocks and, yup, fossils from deep down under the sea. India kept on moving, and that accretionary wedge got shoved further and further up toward the sky, forming the Himalayas. And that motion hasn’t stopped.
selection is you have these animals and they and you know and and they reproduce and you get this very very slight variation and then the variants that do better uh uh give rise to more offspring. The ones that do worse die out and through this slow gradual accretion you end up with different species and different organs and different capacities. That's the Darwinian story of natural selection. But Goldmith said there's something else. Sometimes he argued there are extreme mutations and these extreme mutations lead to radical changes in creatures and most of the
We have lots of binary-- in fact, you may not believe that more stars are in a binary state than in a single state. And so this phenomena is quite useful for us as a diagnostics of the system because accretion disks can be observed by the X-ray emission or optical emission.
We can see the scale of it is much, much larger. But one thing I haven't said is that actually, not all the material in that accretion disk will end up in the black hole. Some of it actually gets thrown back out.
And so it's this accretion disk glowing. It's this jet that we can see from the centers of galaxies that tells us this very energetic accretion process onto the black hole is happening. If the black hole is just sat there not taking any material in, we can't see it.
I'm going to zoom out to 100,000 light years here and show you what it looks like when that's obviously at the very center of this galaxy, Messier 87. And now you can see this huge, big jet that is thrown out from the accretion disk around the black hole. And you can see the scale of it as well.
So two basic facts about how galaxies work. And what we noticed when we looked at these big simulations is that the dispersion-- so we notice that the accretion rate grows like this. So it grows by about this order of magnitude as you go out in redshift, and the dispersion is independent of mass and independent of redshift.
And here's spectra of three supernovae that I studied in the early 1990s. Probably, it formed farther out and then migrated in through friction with the accretion with the protoplanetary disk or something.
they accrete and form a reef-like structure underneath the city. And so, the city of Venice is currently standing on soft delta soils with stilettos. By creating a form of accretion underneath the city, we're changing those stilettos into platform boots. And therefore, we're attenuating the gradual sinking of the city of Venice into the soft delta soils.
we're attenuating the gradual sinking of the city of Venice into the soft delta soils. Obviously, Venice's problems and its relationship with the environment is complex and certainly accretion and the spreading of the point load of the city is not going to be enough to solve all its problems. But in some ways, it does demonstrate how these living technologies might actually engage with the environment and create outcomes in a qualitavely different
in terms of as a interplanetary technosphere, right? That's really the next step for us is to, David Grinspoon talks about, I love this idea of anti-accretion , like, this amazing thing that for the first time, you know, over the entire history of the planet, stuff is coming off the planet, right?
and all the water starts to swirl down. This is essentially the hydrogen gas sort of swirling around a black hole that will probably eventually be accreted by it, hence the word accretion disk. Accreted is a fancy physics word for essentially being taken under gravity.
That previous image I just showed would be incredibly small inside that very sort of central region there, where you can see the red and blue bit that goes black in the center. And what we can see here is that, yeah, OK, we've got that much bigger accretion disk now. We can see the scale of it is much, much larger.
They co-evolve. And so astronomers have used this evidence to say, well, if they evolve together, then this idea of this process of feedback that we need from the black hole, perhaps this energy that's injected by these jets, for example, that come from the accretion disk,
They co-evolve. And so astronomers have used this evidence to say, well, if they evolve together, then this idea of this process of feedback or closer to the black hole, can you actually see that sort of energy that's being output from that accretion disk moving through the galaxy
The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration put this image out last year, and it was an instantly iconic image. What it tells us is that there is a 5 billion solar mass black hole in the center of this galaxy, and it's surrounded by gas and this accretion disk, which is moving at 2 million miles per hour.
It's a marvel to behold. Right, exactly. And if that is your fundamental view of the world, then ultimately, the question of wealth accretion does, I think,
But fundamentally, Friedrich von Hayek says that, well, what you're seeing in the Nazi party is the accretion of powers of the state.
had when I uh started working on my book, which is to recover the New Deal from the mists of time and the accretion
about one possible source, which is an extraterrestrial source. We think that a lot of the organics were brought to the Earth, available for the oceanorigin alikeof life, were delivered here in the late accretion of our planet. And you're gonna hear about that. Then there had to be a source of energy. You can't get reactions to go unless you go from uphill to downhill.
The early Earth went through a collision with a Mars-sized object. This melted the early Earth. It volatilized all of the organic material that might have been there and so we are left again with the question, where did this stuff come from? There must have been lots of stuff delivered during this accretion of the early Earth. But here now, we've melted it to volcanic temperatures that completely destroys all organic material, so we have to think a little bit further. And here's what we now think.
protective layer that delays, perhaps, the corrosive effects of the highly saline and corrosive environment in which these buildings are situated. And really, if you keep applying this, this paint, then you build up a form of carbon dioxide capture an accretion around the wall substance itself. And so, literally, with various paint applications, you can build this artificial shell-like structure around the masonry. Within the next ten years, certainly
a negative situation. And I think also that the way this reporting works is it's through the kind of accretion of small details and so in a given meeting you would get - someone
The organic material has been vaporized. Sooner or later, the Earth cools, oceans form, but there's none of that original organic material. So what we think is that comets and meteorites and what we call interplanetary dust particles that have organic material on them, all helped produce these of this last accretionary process that gave us a lot of the organics we need. So, you can see the record of this in the moon. Look at it through a telescope. You see all the craters remaining from about three point eight billion years ago. And you also--.
happens what are the feeding episodes for black holes like so structure in the universe assembles mostly by mergers by mergers of galaxies and what you see here are two spiral galaxies gas Rich spiral galaxies that have accreting black holes and the flickering tells you the accretion that the fact that the accretion is on and these black holes are actually actively growing due uh