They were also replicating it. Trembley was really generous with his polyps, and once he got better at transporting them he sent an awful lot of specimens to other naturalists all across Europe. But polyps and zoophytes were pretty easy to find, actually, like I said, in ponds and ditches, by the seashore.
And I think a lot of us, when we look around at the world we are bequeathing to our youngest generation, we tremble a little-- climate change, politics, race relations. And we look at all of that and we think, oh man, there's not a lot I can do about that.
When they blast their way through the mountains and into these pristine areas, the mountains move about. They tremble . They vibrate. And so that results in a whole lot of landslides.
It has to be me. She trembles . Shadows cross her face. Her lips opened slightly, but no sounds escape.
Third, Aristotle had suggested that the presence of a mouth and a stomach were central to the definition of an animal. And Trembley had seen polyps grasping food with their tentacles and placing it in their central cavity, so he could prove, according to Aristotle's definition, that the polyp was probably an animal.
It was a vegetable in the way it reproduced, and it was sort of ambivalent with the question about blood. So Trembley didn't know what to make of this strange creature, so he just kept repeating his experiments over and over until he convinced himself that all of his results were in fact true.
And in true Enlightenment spirit, he decided to investigate for himself. So Trembley sent some live specimens of polyps to Reaumur. He hadn't yet figured out a good way to transport them alive, so they had to be carried at walking pace from Leiden to Paris on horseback in an open container,
It was special. It had a spirit, or it had a vital force, that distinguished it from inanimate objects. Like Trembley, he was Swiss, although he actually worked in Germany as a professor of anatomy, surgery, and medicine.
It's like working at McDonald's, and going, wow, I'm going to make you tacos here. My lips started to tremble as a mustache started growing.
Since then, you have been working for 27 years. Please don't tremble as you speak. No need to be nervous. She looks more nervous than I am.
And there were moments, I would say, in the last 18 months, two years that you could feel the ground start to not tremble , but just start to shake a little bit, or the wheels on the bus just start to rattle a little bit, a little harder than I like.
It's Croatian. It's all acappella, sort of choral singing. in the universe trembles , and we get something else instead--
She judged the wall's height against the tide line and started to curve upslope to guard the outer edges of Ley's city. She sweat and trembled . There wasn't time. She couldn't close the eastern wall before the tide rolled in.
They're usually found in stagnant ditches or similar locations. And for Trembley, living in the Netherlands, there were an awful lot of canals and stagnant water around him, so he was able to find an awful lot. In fact, this is a picture from a book he published in 1744.
think is absolutely wonderful. And when Trembley saw this, he also thought it was amazing. He spent hours watching them do this.
But once they arrived, Reaumur was able to have a go at Trembley's experiments and fully replicated all of his results. So having finally confirmed Trembley's results, Reaumur published an account of Trembley's experiment and his findings in the scientific journal, "Histoire de l'Academie des Sciences," which was the big French science journal of the day.
no such things as a soul, just matter obeying physical laws. So from Trembley's experiment where he cut up a polyp, people were saying there was no such thing as god. So materialists are making pretty big arguments from something small.
It was special. It had a spirit, or it had a vital force, that distinguished it from inanimate objects. But although Trembley's polyps piqued his interest in epigenesis, Haller couldn't really accept the theory.
They seem transfixed, certain that Veronica's plunge must have been for something thrilling. The lump trembles , inches forward along Veronica's palm. Suddenly it is less vegetable than animal, and the students pull back apprehensively.
Being plagiarized or pirated is actually a good mark of success. But people weren't just reading about Trembley's work. They were also replicating it.
all across Europe. But polyps and zoophytes were pretty easy to find, actually, like I said, in ponds and ditches, by the seashore. So even if you didn't know Trembley, you could try out these sorts of experiments for yourself. And because it was the height of the Enlightenment, an awful lot of people actually did.
And because it was the height of the Enlightenment, an awful lot of people actually did. You can see the impact of Trembley's work in scientific journals, but also in pop culture. Polyps are always showing up in poems and songs and satires in this period.
It was special. It had a spirit, or it had a vital force, that distinguished it from inanimate objects. It hadn't really been Trembley's intention to raise such big questions, he just wanted to know whether polyps were animals or plants.
It's Croatian. It's all acappella, sort of choral singing. At one moment, something trembles in the computer's little random number generator and it
or nowadays more often called the hydra. In 1741, Trembley published his findings about this polyp, which you can see on your right. And his results caused consternation all across the scientific circles of Europe.
And his results caused consternation all across the scientific circles of Europe. There is a little bit of background about Trembley. So he was born in the Republic of Geneva.
And from his observations and his experiments came his most famous finding, the one I mentioned earlier that shocked Europe. This resulted from a very simple experiment in which Trembley just cut a polyp in two and then watched as each half regenerated into a perfect and fully functioning replica of the parent.
will each grow into perfect, fully functioning, grownup adult polyp and become independent of its parent. Now, part of Trembley's reason for undertaking this experiment was to determine whether polyps were animal or vegetable. Differences in the way that animals and vegetables reproduced meant that, according to the definition of the time, plants could regrow from cuttings but animals could not.
Is God involved? And actually, how is life generated? Now, Trembley himself didn't want to get too involved in the philosophical debates, but lots of other people did. And that brings us to a third question, which is, does an animal have a soul?
This separation of body and soul was called dualism, and it allowed Descartes fit the theory in better with the religious orthodoxy of the day. But suddenly, with Trembley's polyp experiments, there were some problems for the theory of the animal as a machine made by God. First, the matter within the polyp could regrow itself when it was cut.
So La Mettrie took this idea one step further in a book which he published in 1748, called "L'homme Machine," "The Man as Machine." This was published just a few years after Trembley's book on polyps, and it suggested that not only was the animal's soul a function of matter, but that this also might be true of the human soul.
425 I think that's the figures they they gave stanf for tuition I think now is bottom of all that oils something about the blues makes a billionaire tremble when she knows she
Now you play the character of The Girl And I saw you, in that character, tremble on stage. And being in the audience, the entire theater trembled with you because of your character. And at the Oscars, and I still remember this, you said, no matter where you're from your dreams are valid.
To our left was a chain link fence, and behind that a line of tall shaggy spruces that bounded the grounds of a grade school. Roper and Steed exchanged a look, their mouths trembled , and suddenly they both cracked up laughing.
He did later get better at transporting specimens in little sealed boxes. But it wasn't just the scientific elite that were reading about Trembley's works. The initial account, along with passages from Trembley's book, which came out a couple of years later, was reprinted in the popular press.
But it wasn't just the scientific elite that were reading about Trembley's works. The initial account, along with passages from Trembley's book, which came out a couple of years later, was reprinted in the popular press. It was translated into a bunch of different languages.
And that brings us to a third question, which is, does an animal have a soul? Now, when Reaumur had published Trembley's results, he ended his account by saying that those results might be used to answer questions about how animals reproduce and how they're related to plants.
They first struggled against it. And when Europe goes into question, the world trembles .
So he wasn't around. And if you kind of pull this end, this end kind of trembles .
And second, improvements in things like the manufacture of scientific instruments like microscopes meant that they were becoming better and more affordable, so more people could get their hands on them and use them. So it was in this enlightenment culture that a man named Abraham Trembley-- there he is-- began studying a little creature known as the freshwater polyp, or nowadays more often called the hydra.
and actually helped him do a lot of his observations, which is quite sweet. So with a little bit of help from these two young boys, Trembley became really expert at finding polyps, but more importantly, keeping them alive in captivity. So he spent a lot of time figuring out what they liked to eat and what kind of water they like to live in, and whether they liked sunshine
Differences in the way that animals and vegetables reproduced meant that, according to the definition of the time, plants could regrow from cuttings but animals could not. So when the cut polyps regenerated their lost parts, that should have allowed Trembley to place them in the vegetable kingdom. But some of their other properties marked them out as animal, at least according to Aristotle's definition, which was still pretty standard at this time.
and he was also an expert on insect biology. Now, Reaumur, like Trembley, was completely astonished. And in true Enlightenment spirit, he decided to investigate for himself.
obviously going no faster than a slow walk, which took quite a while. But once they arrived, Reaumur was able to have a go at Trembley's experiments and fully replicated all of his results. So having finally confirmed Trembley's results, Reaumur published an account of Trembley's experiment and his findings in the scientific journal, "Histoire
It was read by thousands of people, and almost overnight, everyone, not just elite scientists, began talking about this. And as soon as the results were out there, Trembley was inundated with letters demanding clarifications and proofs and live specimens to be carried by very slow horses. He did later get better at transporting specimens in little sealed boxes.
It was special. It had a spirit, or it had a vital force, that distinguished it from inanimate objects. But in the 1740s, when he began to hear reports of Trembley's experiments, he thought that perhaps the ability of polyps to regenerate missing or injured parts
LUPITA NYONG'O: Thank you. Now you play the character of The Girl And I saw you, in that character, tremble on stage. And being in the audience, the entire theater trembled with you because of your character.
Even know that. Whenever you hear somebody at a podium who has that little shake, that little tremble in their voice
"Yea, though they were brave, yet when death comes so plain, what heart would not tremble ?
The incident wasn't isolated. Throughout the Ganga River Basin, around construction sites of these massive developmental projects, as the earth below trembles -- So this was just one of the many, many incidents that happened in the Himalayas.