Imagine the confusion in heaven, where everyone sits around watching "The Dating Game," as "You Never Can Tell" blasts out of every cherub's transistor . Barris running numbers, Berry stringing guitars for saints, everyone swapping storiesabout one Chuck or the other, both of whom are madly in love with the same twisted angel."
born. But um the uh the food the country there was um still a little bit uh behind the times. They were making transistor raiders and t-shirts, but within an year they were making high-tech things and it was a money wasflowing into the island and the culture took off. And people in Taiwan, just like anybody else, but especially I think with Chinese, if they have money,
appreciated one is storage, but that has fallen at even a faster rate than uh transistor density on chip sets. But very unrelated, on the upper left-hand side, Swanson's law for solar panels. Uhthese charts you can see uh larger on in the publication itself.
So you can see when we're pushing sort of on the pixel, you can push and hold, and you can measure sort of the lightest finger taps all the way to very, very transistors and high K dielectric materials, and a lot sort of in the nano and the quantum world.
Botanica and so on and there is some disagreement uh so there's some spreading of the points but there's a transistors cheaper they're smaller so therefore they're faster uh although we've slowed down that down a bit because of heat and
variety of means, physical means, those particles. You push them together. The most common is called laser inertial fusion. No transistor , no CPUs, and no electrical switches, none of the things that I take for and and no electrical switches, none of the things that I take for
And what is a transistor ? A transistor is a way, in some sense, to control the beams of electrons. Here, these are beams of light.
I think the second thing we learn is that we're not very good at perceiving breakthroughs sometimes when they happen. The transistor ended up on page 46 of The New York Times. And it was actually not even at the top of this trivial column.
Fourth, I think we see from these two examples, at least at Bell Labs, that there was no way of making a set way for making a breakthrough. The transistor was an orchestrated mid-sized team. It was very carefully created.
We have to go to photonic transistors , molecular transistors , protein transistors , DNA transistors , atomic transistors , photonic transistors . We physicists are looking at all sorts of alternatives to silicon.
So all those levers are activated, and what they do is they then engage all the levers at one of these sections. of transistors to division alone.
And in the environment of evolutionary adaptiveness, the optimum point for that trade-off is at one place, and now we want to move that. Even transistors today are far faster than neurons.
video game Brook Haan National Labs 1958 it was a combination of resistors capacitors transistors but mainly relays this is a relay video game but it was played on an oscilloscope and this is pretty much the first video game it's called tennis for
Botanica and so on and there is some disagreement uh so there's some spreading of the points but there's a Paradigm transistors and finally the fifth Paradigm Moore's Law this is not just Moore's Law this goes back decades
variety of means, physical means, those particles. You push them together. The most common is called laser inertial fusion. Like the transistor in every CPU in a computer switches at a gigahertz, that means in a nanosecond, it's switching in a billionth of a second.
Well, that can be used to make a transistor , an optical transistor . And with an optical transistor , you can make a quantum computer. This is the Chinese quantum computer.
A mirror and a piece of glass can be a beam splitter. And what is a transistor ? A transistor is a way, in some sense, to control the beams of electrons.
I will put my money on molecular transistors , like graphene. We can make a transistor out of a single atom of carbon. That's pretty good. But we cannot machine it.
So it's similar to what you do when you are either guiding somebody in a research project or teaching them maybe what's a transistor for the first time. There's a lot of coaching that we do and I did the same at Stanford for many, many years.
So I apologize in advance. Sony made a 10-transistor pocket radio that allowed teenagers
He had gone to City College and he actually invented this while he was a student at City College. He used transistor technology to develop an instrument called the cardiotron. And the cardiotron allowed a doctor to move around with a cardiogram machine, which
How did the transistor become the microchip, and then how did the internet or digital packet switch networks come into being?
like the transistor . And again, by some measures, 2/3 of our GDP is directly consequence of quantum mechanics.
Cost for a transistor cycle is coming down by half every year.
So for transistors you make them smaller, you have shorter distance from the source to the drain, you have fewer electrons in the transistor that all reduces power use.
a reliable one atom transistor .
And just on a quick short list, if I were going to tick-off some of the big accomplishments and innovations there, probably the things got rolling in its golden age in 1947 with the invention of the transistor . Many iterations of the transistor followed.
the invention of the transistor . Many iterations of the transistor followed. Many process innovations for the transistor followed as well.
From 1945 to 1947, the transistor group goes to work. They're not the transistor group. Excuse me. They're the semiconductor group.
Anything with a transistor in it was restricted.
This too shall pass. It turns out that transistors today, the smallest ones can be about 20 or so atoms across approximately. It's only a matter of time before transistors are 5 atoms across.
I learned about transistors real quick.
Twice as many transistors crammed on chips every 18 months-- look at it.
We can make transistors work very, very well.
But within transistors , these quantum effects are taking place.
Tubes and transistors are no longer radio.
of those transistors leaks. Each of those transistors have leakage current. Turns out this machine well, a one petaflop machine is about a megawatt of power. A 10
chips have transistors that act for NAND gates but um uh but I mean in a very
The chip works by whizzing electrons from transistor to transistor , and the smaller you can make those transistors , the less the signals have to travel,
I wanted to do the transistor , the microchip, video games, because I actually do think that they were important in the interactive computing realm.
and those are not the same as transistor trends.
Many iterations of the transistor followed. Many process innovations for the transistor followed as well. The silicon solar cell came out of there.
Finally, I think that even when we think we understand the value of breakthroughs, maybe we don’t. I think early on the transistor was obviously viewed as a replacement for the vacuum tube. And it was. But its real value has been in computers, obviously.
are much more complicated than a transistor built on silicon. And so, what I have on this little patch, I applogize, it's pretty
Botanica and so on and there is some disagreement uh so there's some spreading of the points but there's a bit in 1968 I could buy a transistor that did that for only
Botanica and so on and there is some disagreement uh so there's some spreading of the points but there's a energy um so the cost of transistor cycle has come down by half every about every year uh
The chip then flips a series of transistors on and off, which subtly alters the current in the antenna.
The bottom layer is the transistors .
We have 100 million times the transistors , and we're not 100 million times richer, so it's going to be much less because of weak links.
We have 100 million times the transistors , but yeah, we're just limited by all the things that humans still have to do.