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against police violence, Duray McKesson.thethe former Congressional Black Caucus executive director, the CEO of Impact Strategies, and NPR and CNN political

manager either at intermission or after the performance and be sure to stay current with us by joining our emailing list or our fan page on Facebook enjoytheshow well here I am but where am I I have vague memories of being heated

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to replace fossil fuels rather than being built on top of fossil fuels which looks like it's the way it's going atthemoment so um so so you were saying it's it's important to cap the the consumption or the exploitation of um of

off one and then you can ask me some questions whil I put on the picture ofthezeine right any questions why why who said why why

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are the luckiest people intheworld so that's my dad just want to point out he was singing people who need people alone in his living room

And will it be civilized?The world that we are building, will it be human, and will it be civilized?Will it be a world of human flourishing, where all these technologies are helping people do great things?

We are going to have to have a new deal between Big Tech and humanity.The original New Deal was between government and the people.That's where the power was, the power was in government.

That's where the power was, the power was in government.The future used to be written in laws in Washington, D.C.Now the future is written in code, in Silicon Valley.

If you dump out all the good on one side of the roomthe people on the other side of the room, they're not just miserable.At some point, their baby asks them a question.

You're humiliated. I've worked in some of the toughest prisons in this world.The one thing you don't want to do is take somebody who already has nothing and then humiliate them.They become the most dangerous person in that prison.

Our hearts are with people whose main enemy isn't another rival tech firm, it's the check engine light.The check engine light.When that light comes on, and you don't have enough money to go and get your car looked at, that's the enemy of the people that we care about.

You could have electrons travel through a region with no electric or magnetic fields whatsoever, and yet by flipping a switch, you could change their behavior.- The magnetic field could be just zero, and yet the presence of some quantity could actually lead to observable effects.That wasn't supposed to happen, right?

physicists, and astronomers, and beyond.- The fact that this problem is so difficult to solve should at least be a little surprising because if you have just two bodies,then the solution is easy to find.

Say you've got a single mass like a star, Lagrange imagined assigning a value to each point in space around the star.The value is determined by the star's mass and the distance from the star.You can think of each value as a height, and if we then turn this into an altitude map, you can see how the star creates this sort of well.

So let's say that's the Earth.The potential energy, let's call it U, is basically just the potential times the mass of the second body.So they're very similar, but they're slightly different.

So I'm pretty happy they tried.- The potential helped simplify a wide array of problems.For many physicists, it even replaced forces as their primary tool.

So physicists needed a new way to describe the magnetic potential.- The breakthrough came in the 1840s from an undergraduate student named William Thomson.- His day job as an undergraduate was to learn as much fancy calculus as possible.

And the same is true for electricity and magnetism.The value of the field and thus the force is fixed, but the value of the potential is arbitrary.So from this, most physicists concluded that potentials can't possibly have any physical significance.

But there was a problem.The project's military director General Leslie Groves had to approve Oppenheimer's recruits.And when he ran a background check on Bohm, he didn't like what he saw.

And this behavior is governed by the Schrodinger equation.The solution to this equation is called the wave function psi.If you take its modulus squared, you get the probability density of finding a particle at a given point, at a given time.

If you take its modulus squared, you get the probability density of finding a particle at a given point, at a given time.The left side of this equation tells you how the wave function changes over time and space.And the right side tells you that this change depends on H, what is known as the Hamiltonian.

So let's plot it in two dimensions for an electron moving to the right.The different colors here represent the different phases.And you can see how the phase evolves over time and space.

It's getting real. - So if you have an expression like 5x squared plus 5, you think you could just write this asthe integral of 10x dx, right?Because the integral is 5x squared plus.

When you run a current through one, it produces a strong magnetic field inside the coil and a very weak field outside the coil.The longer the solenoid, the weaker the field in the surrounding space.For simplicity, Aharonov and Bohm imagined a setup with an ideal, infinitely long solenoid, one where the magnetic field outside the coil

Now since electrons behave as waves, the waves from the intersecting beams overlap and produce an interference pattern, bright fringes with gaps in between them.The exact pattern depends on the phase of each of these waves.When the solenoid is off, there is no magnetic field in the region the electrons are traveling through, and there is no magnetic potential.

When the solenoid is off, there is no magnetic field in the region the electrons are traveling through, and there is no magnetic potential.The phase of the electrons changes in the same way across both beams, regardless of whether they pass above or below the solenoid.And so you get an interference pattern that looks like this.

That may sound strange, but remember, the magnetic field is the curl of the magnetic potential.The curl of the potential can be zero in some region, even when the potential itself is not.And that's exactly what's happening here.

So as a result, the interference pattern should shift when the solenoid is on versus when it's off.- The magnetic field could be just zero, and yet the presence of some vector potential could actually lead to observable effects.That wasn't supposed to happen, right?

Deforestation, plastic pollution, and the extinction of entire species.The easy solution is just to wait around and hope someone else will do something about it.Planet Wild gets boots on the ground to actually protect our planet, and they make it easy for anyone to join the cause,

You can sign up for whatever amount feels right for you and cancel any time.The first 150 people to sign up using my code VERITASIUM1 will get their first month paid for by me.Just scan this QR code or click the link in the description.

Physicist Victor Weisskopf had a similar response."The first reaction to this work is that it's wrong.The second is that it's obvious." Ultimately, there was only one way to settle the debate.

"The first reaction to this work is that it's wrong.The second is that it's obvious." Ultimately, there was only one way to settle the debate.Someone had to actually do the experiment.

Someone had to actually do the experiment.The first to try was a colleague of Aharonov and Bohm's at the University of Bristol, Robert Chambers.Chambers experiment largely followed the setup Aharonov and Bohm proposed with one notable exception.

- And that's showing, throwing no shade on their colleague who did these cool experiments.The effect is real, sure, but how should we interpret it?

- And that's showing, throwing no shade on their colleague who did these cool experiments.The first camp claims that potentials aren't just mathematical conveniences, they can influence physical reality.

- And that's showing, throwing no shade on their colleague who did these cool experiments.- The potentials being physical might sound strange, but the second interpretation is even stranger.

- And that's showing, throwing no shade on their colleague who did these cool experiments.The great triad of a field theory, which has served us so well for more than 100 years, is this notion, stubborn notion that local causes yield only local effects.

- And that's showing, throwing no shade on their colleague who did these cool experiments.The electron can feel the effect of a field that is not where it is.

- The Viking longships could average 70 to 120 miles a day.They could hit a place, raid it, drag off whoever they wanted, and get away before you could get your army there.

We may die, but I'm gonna do this, I'm not gonna yield.- The following is a conversation with Lars Brownworth, a historian and author of many excellent history books, including The Sea Wolves: A History of the Vikings and The Normans: From Raiders to Kings.He's also the host of two history podcast series. The first called 12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of the Byzantine Empire is one of the first, if not

He's also the host of two history podcast series. The first called 12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of the Byzantine Empire is one of the first, if notthe first ever, history podcasts launched over 20 years ago in June, 2005. His second series, Norman Centuries, explores the remarkablerise of the Normans from Viking raiders to the rulers of kingdoms stretching from England to Sicily.

- Yeah. And this goes all the way back to, you know, the Roman Empire where, you know, think of, for example, the Emperor Augustus. When he was writing his will, he put it inthe Temple of the Vestal Virgins as well as Mark Antony and Cleopatra. They'd all done that because there's this additional protection of religion-... and this taboo against violating that. And the same thing happened when Europe was Christianized. Monasteries were... I mean, rich people,

And so they would donate huge sums to the church. I think, you know, by the time of the French Revolution, which is obviously way in the future,the Church is the largest single landowner in France. I mean, the monasteries where... These, these monasteries filled with monks who had taken vows of povertywere some of the richest places in Europe. It's kind of a strange dichotomy here.

- That's right. And I think it's not a coincidence that it happens when it does. I mean, you have both... So there's two main theories about why the Viking Age starts.The first, Will Durant puts it, I think, the best. He says, "The fertility of the Viking women outstripped the fertility of the Viking land." It'sbasically overpopulation. Um, and then they're searching for food. And then the second