And so is the Kuiper Belt. So we're sort of all going around the sun nicely. Pluto is doing something slightly different.And then we move out to the Oort Cloud.
And all the planets from Mercury to Neptune had been explored, at least first reconnaissance. Pluto was kind of unfinished business and scientifically fascinating.We knew that it had an atmosphere and a giant satellite that made it a double planet.
Some even cited Gyeongguk daejeon to argue that Seoul should be the capital city. Pluto was known as the ninth planet, but there was no astronomical definition of a planet.Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn has long been perceived as planets with no doubts because they are all visible.
When Pluto was discovered in 1930, it was smaller than the moon, had rocky surface like Earth, yet positioned with a wrong group. Pluto also deviates from the rest in its orbit. Other planets rotates the sun in circle, although it is closer to oval shape.Yet, Pluto orbits tilted. While other eight planets rotates in flat around the sun, the orbit of Pluto is sided, sometimes even invading the orbit of Neptune.
I believe it was around 1977 to 1997. Pluto was positioned as the 8th planet for 20 plus years, pushing Neptune to the 9th. Pluto showed too many irregularities to become a planet. There had been debates on whether to recognise Pluto as the 9th planet.International Astronomy Union hosted a conference in Prague on August 2006 and several planets further from Pluto were reportedly discovered.
Neptune and Uranus were discovered by Europeans, although both of them are invisible. Pluto was the first planet that was discovered by an American and they did not want to miss the credit. Therefore, US finally set definition of the planet to include newly discovered objects as 10th and 11th planet.US proposed an agenda to the subcommittee. Historically, most of them were rejected and before being brought to the general assembly.
They knew about the solar system. Pluto hadn't been demoted yet, so they knew, they thought there were nine planets.They knew there was this wispy thing in the sky they called the Milky Way.
This is not a photograph of Pluto . This is an artist's rendition of Pluto because, of course, no one has actually been there. Pluto is maybe typical of objects in the universe, more icey-spheres, a long way away from their parent stars. There may be more of these than there aregrains of sand in all the beaches of earth.
moons in the solar system. Pluto is a fit maybe from New York to Colorado. That kind of size. Okay.It was not the planet X that everybody had been looking for. It just wasn't. It was an impostor.
It wasn't its own fault. It was our own sort of layered expectations upon it that made it the impostor. Don't blame Pluto . Pluto 's just being Pluto , right?So devastating was this drop in size that in the late 1970s there were two
going to be found wrong or obsolete months later. So he said, "What's the trend line?" Trend line is let us group Pluto with its icy brethren in the outer solar system. That's what we did. If you're going to start grouping objectsby properties, let's group the gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. That's a group of four we have
Below the fold, nonetheless, page one. Pluto not a planet only in New York.That's what sent my inbox. It was out of control. started getting hate mail from
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter Pluto is but its moon Sharon is not.
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter Pluto hasn't. No, because it's orbiting this new zone where thousands of other icy bodies have been discovered.
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter Pluto is Mickey's dog,
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter Pluto 's butt naked. There it is. Pluto walks on all fours and does not speak.
into savage violence and chaos." That about sums it up here in America, I think, the savage violence and chaos. Plutocracy-- you hear that one bandied around-- "'a country that is ruled by the richest people. The most accurate word currently in our possession.' Ramsey Clark." I noticed the uneasy laughter on that one there.
The facility went online. Plutonium was produced and acquired by one of the numerous violent groups resident in the maelstrom of today's Syrian Civil War. And what I wonder is, would North Korea be held accountable?
rapid economic growth and political exploration only to arrive today at a toxic cocktail of authoritarian and plutocratic rule where money and power converge to guard interests of a few. And for China's soft power to work, China has to first respect and empower its own people.
test um and the results was that the uh land out there is contaminated by plutonium and will be for 24,000 years um the way in which I reported that story was interesting uh to me and I think interesting to people who are interested in my book because it also
removed 18 tons of soil translocation of soil earthworm's ingestion of plutonium could be a significant influence in the rehabilitation of a weapon accident environment and so the government knew that worms going through this
um deer walking through and maybe eating the grass could all then carry those plutonium particles onward but yet there was so much else to do in terms of exploding nuclear bombs out there in the 1950s that no one cleaned up project 57 until the
But all those things are good. And Pluto 's the surface area of the United States.
Although Uranus and Neptune were discovered later, they are just two additional and people perceived them as planets without astronomical definition. Then Pluto was discovered in 1930 and that was when things became complicated. Until then, planets has patterns. Planets closer to the sun are relatively smaller. For examples, Mercury is similar to the moon, Venus is similar to Earth and Mars is twice as small as Earth.
Also, they have hard surfaces like Earth. On the other hand, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are all large and made up of gas. When Pluto was discovered in 1930, it was smaller than the moon, had rocky surface like Earth, yet positioned with a wrong group. Pluto also deviates from the rest in its orbit. Other planets rotates the sun in circle, although it is closer to oval shape.
We said to ourselves, maybe Pluto is not the ninth planet. Maybe Pluto is the first object discovered of a new swath of real estate in the solar system. I kind of heard this story kind of before. We've been down this
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter A Pluto . Some people didn't like that one because it sound like some kind of skin disease or something. Do you have
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter Uh Pluto . I was, you know, I work in a natural I'm an astrophysicist who works at a natural history museum. So I hang
nuclear engineer, we can build power plants now that are safe, that aren't going to have reactions. They use a fuel, uranium and plutonium, that can be used to make nuclear weapons. We know that if you take enough fissile material together, enough uranium and plutonium, put it in a small volume, that it will not just create a reaction, but it will create a supercritical reaction that will then continue and grow and release a tremendous amount of energy all at
And we say, if you want civilian energy, you can have power plants, you can buy your fuel rods from abroad, but there's no reason to have enrichment or plutonium reprocessing because those are the key capabilities you need to develop nuclear weapons. Now the five countries that have those capabilities and don't have nuclear weapons are Argentina, Brazil, Holland, Germany, and Japan.
by the US. Other countries, the USSR formerly and the United Kingdom, have in the past had reactors that were designed both to produce civilian power and plutonium. But these are countries that had already developed nuclear weapons without needing a civilian power program to do it. So I worry about nuclear weapons proliferation.
He's a chemical engineer by training, and plutonium is his specialty. And plutonium is really interesting, he's explained a bit of it to me. But here's what he wrote to back up what I just said.
they were a year or two away from completing a large nuclear reactor that would have made enough plutonium-- and very good plutonium, by the way-- enough plutonium for about 10 bombs a year. So let's say it's finished in 1996, 21 years have elapsed.
but also be short enough that it's emitting a lot of radiation. And plutonium is, again, about a century. So it emits all of that heat in about a century.
That's Pluto 's orbit there that it's showing.
But all those things are good. I think if Pluto is that interesting and some of the things we know from ground-based and Hubble, soon we'll know from James Webb.
Eventually the Europeans won and that is how Pluto lost its planet status. US tried to restore Pluto status back, but with no success. They created dwarf planet category to include Pluto and Ceres etc and there are about 5 to 7 dwarf planets now. We expect to discover several thousands of them going forward.
And who knew Pluto would have mountains and this structure?
So there's the Pluto tour.
When we did the Pluto flyby, it totally came out that we would have had it a decade ago if it weren't for Richard Nixon.
And did you know Pluto was brown?
But there was then Pluto , and then Pluto is gone.
Okay. Well, how big are they? Well, they're little like Pluto . What are they made of? They're mostly kind of ice by volume like Pluto . What kind of orbit do they have? They got weird orbits like Pluto . Pluto 's orbit crosses the orbit of Neptune. It's that elliptical that that's what it does. No other planet
here we are with a similar kind of story trajectory. You discover Pluto , everybody's excited, you call it a planet. Now you find family. You find family. So we we're cutting metal. We're spending $200 million. We don't want to have an exhibit that's
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter institution to rethink of Pluto . Six years later, the International Astronomical Union, it's not a labor
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter Then you get Pluto , but then you also get Pluto 's moon Sharon. And you also
Okay. The Pluto files, while I have strong opinions about how we should think about the solar system, I reserve those for the last chapter but Mickey is not Pluto 's mouse, that disturbed me
The six kilogram plutonium bomb created an explosion that was equivalent to nearly 25,000 tons of TNT.
from their heavy water reactor at Bushehr, to make weapons fuel out of that. They have no plutonium route to the bomb under the JCPOA. - But they had that at a Arak, not Bushehr.
And up on the upper-right, we see some of the centrifuges that are used to enrich uranium. Nuclear reactors also produce plutonium. And it can, with considerable difficulty-- it's a technological challenge.