How to pronounce “mamma” in English

But these are the mammals that give birth to tiny little babies that are born very premature, that then develop more further in their mother's pouch. So these are the three major types ofmammals. Placental mammals are the dominant ones today. But we see the roots of these three major groups back in the Cretaceous period. Now what we see in the fossil record is that thosefeatures didn't just evolve in one burst. They evolved one by one over time in many ancestors.

all these new food sources, insects and flowers and fruits and so on were there to be enjoyed.Mammals had to survive and endure and persist for a long time in a dinosaur-dominated world. I mean, a single footstep of a brontosaurus could probably obliterate a whole colony of mammals. So mammalshad to learn how to live incognito, but it also set them up to take advantage of one of the

so huge. So the asteroid wipes away T-rex and triceratops. The classic dinosaurs are gone. Somemammals have survived. These mammals have never gotten bigger than cat size for 150 million years.Now their dinosaur overlords are gone. Those jobs at the top of the food chain, the top meat eaters, the top plant eaters, they're suddenly available. So what do mammals do? They get big and they get

scores a touchdown. The odds of success are very low because the pass is so long, but every once in a while, that pass connects. And your team wins the game. We see this with migrations. There aremammals in South America today, both primates and rodents. So the classic monkeys, the howler monkeys of South America, and some of the classic rodents of South America guinea pigs, capybara.They've been there for a long time. How did they get there? Nobody really knew South America was an island continent for many tens of millions of years. How did these mammals make their way? They

the gains not only are maintained but the patient continues to improve. In other words, if you'll excuse the badMammals can't look after themselves when they're little. They have to attach to a caregiver. And if they become separated

So it controls your breathing, heartbeat, digestion.Mammal brain, also called the limbic system, wants you to stay safe.In order to do that, it creates habits where you can actually predict the outcome.

So as you can see, often, human brain and mammal brain can have somewhat different agenda to your life.Mammal brain absolutely hates change and wants you to keep stuck in the same old patterns, as that's safe and familiar.Human brain wants you to grow and develop.

Wildlife has collapsed. When I was your age or in college, populations of wildlife have plummeted.Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates-- leave out all insects, because they'rein a more severe category.

And I took my camera with me.Mammatus clouds. The aftereffect of a pretty violent storm.

Now, I'm not saying that everything was in place before we came up on land.Mammals certainly have special features, as do humans.But the basics are in place.

somewhere we have the mammals and let's just uh look a little bit larger at themammals and let's look even a little bit larger and if we look see that little ythere right there that's about six million years each leg so that could be the chimps and bonobos

It was special. It had a spirit, or it had a vital force, that distinguished it from inanimate objects.Mammal eggs weren't discovered until the 19th century.

They're working with a drug company to bring that to the human market.mammal species. By the time it got to primates, it's no longer a smooth sheet.

weíre in with these tiger sharks. Itís very shallow, and they move very slowly in these situations. Thereís not theseóItís not a place where tiger sharks are ambushing marinemammals, so theyíre probably more scavengers here than they are ambush predators. So we really do find that they move very slowly. You have to be careful, of course, becausethey are wild animals. But as you can see, you can get very close. They are so fixated on finding out where that fish smell is that they just swim around you looking for the

a compact Ye Old you know compact ipack plug the photo in we had some software to shrink it down because the bandwidthmammals I'm a mammal bears hunt out here the whole spring they will go for months and months and months hunting on the ice

So again, a really fun example from our health care chapter in the book goes all the way to Budapest in Hungary,where MaMMa Klinika built these deep-learning predictive models to take images from mammograms and detectwhether a particular cell is malignant or benign.

If you look closely, you can also see some significant drops like this 1918 dip from the Spanish flu pandemic or over here, what appears to beOther mammals have been observed to have much longer lives in captivity when they're away from the hazards they would naturally encounter in the wild.

If you look closely, you can also see some significant drops like this 1918 dip from the Spanish flu pandemic or over here, what appears to bethat mammals benefit from being larger.

together for a long time. But they had different fates. Dinosaurs were destined for greatness, for grandeur. Some dinosaurs became massive the biggest animals ever to live on land.Whereas mammals, they went the opposite direction. They went small and they stayed small for a long time. No mammal that we know of was bigger than a house cat. And as they got smaller,their brains got bigger, their jaws simplified, their teeth changed from the teeth of their ancestors where you would have just new teeth growing all the time, kind of like in a shark

get bigger, fill the dinosaur niches. And it was not intelligence that was driving things then. But intelligence did catch up and by about 10 million years after the asteroid, that's when we start tosee mammal brains now getting bigger and bigger and bigger. And it's from that burst of brain size evolution that the super huge brains of modern mammals, especially of us, is from that burstof evolution that these brains emerged. But during this first 10 million years of the age of mammals, it wasn't the modern types of mammals that we all know that were the ones that were really in

The glaciers grew into ice sheets. And that helped drive the temperature of the entire world to be much cooler. Now, this was a long-term trend then that continued to happen for many tens of millionsare mammals. And they have the classic features of mammals. We know they're mammals. They even have hair. A lot of them have whiskers and eyelashes and so on. They feed their babies milk, all the

The glaciers grew into ice sheets. And that helped drive the temperature of the entire world to be much cooler. Now, this was a long-term trend then that continued to happen for many tens of millionsclassic mammals. Their DNA proves that they are mammals. When we do the DNA paternity test, whales actually slot right into the mammal family tree, and it's hippos that are their closest modern

The glaciers grew into ice sheets. And that helped drive the temperature of the entire world to be much cooler. Now, this was a long-term trend then that continued to happen for many tens of millionsocean mammal. How do we know that part of the story? Well, we actually have fossils that show those different transitional stages. Now, we don't have fossils of every stage, but we have

not much bigger than ours, think about what that's going to do. And we absolutely know, there's been loads of studies on thisin mammals and birds and other things as well.that basically eyeball size correlates with visual acuity. And that can fold in two different ways. It can be like general sharpness. Like, how well can you see a long way away?

The last quick story I wanted to tell you, just to wrap up in the last five minutes, is now looking at aspects of our psychology and cognitiveOther mammal species have a very similar mesolimbic pathway also mediated by dopamine, and if not dopamine, then very,

There are various centers responsible for memory and remembering what the outcomes of certain situations were in the mammal brain system as well.If mammal brain detects anything that can trigger danger or that can potentially lead to a good outcome, it creates emotions to steer you either away from it,if it detects danger or towards it, if it detects pleasure or potential good outcome.

And mammals won't see a comparable jump in body size for another 30 million years.

a mammal. And that's like what women need to do.

All mammals are supposed to breathe in and out through their nose exclusively, even when exercising.

All mammals show this kind of response, and they tend to show it in the same regions of the brain.

All mammals do it, including us.

Large mammals, half of them were destroyed.

million mammals are killed every single day on US highways that is a wild

small mammal um DC Comics uh I'm a DC Comics for a couple of years they asked me to

Many mammals can't do that either.

many mammals have an adolescent period, which is distinct from childhood and distinct from adulthood.

In mammals, these cerebellar receptors are responsible, among other things, for the emotional evaluation of information, and they play a role in creating memories and

The mammalian cortex is laid upon it.

It's not these other numbers.- That is every mammal except one.This video is in large part based on the book Scale by Geoffrey West.

- Some of the scaling laws are easy to explain once you've got the three-quarters law for metabolism.Take a mammal's heart rate, for instance.Heart rate is equal to the blood flow rate over the amount or volume of blood in every beat.

And this is exactly what we observe in nature.The world's smallest mammal, the Etruscan Shrew, has an extraordinary heart rate of 1200 beats per minute.That's 20 beats per second.

That's 20 beats per second.Whereas the biggest land mammal, the African bush elephant, has a typical heart rate of only 30 beats per minute.And we can do something similar for lifespan.

And we could keep going.But for nearly every mammal you look at, you keep landing at the same figure of around a billion heartbeats.This is why nearly every mammal from a tiny field mouse to a gazelle, from a cheetah to a hippopotamus, they all get around a billion heartbeats

He knew diving mammals would have lots of myoglobin in their muscles since they're the best at conserving oxygen.

the more I've also expanded out to study other groups and I've become particularly enamored with mammals. And really, there's probably two reasons for this. First of all, you know,I am a mammal. We are mammals. So if we want to understand our own history, our own origin story, we need to understand mammal evolution. But also, really the dinosaur story and the mammal story,it's the same story. That asteroid comes down out of nowhere, ends the age of dinosaurs, but some mammals make it through and forge a new world. And so the more I studied that extinction, the more I,

have very, very, very good sense of hearing. That's a mammal thing. We have a single lower jawbone. That's a mammal thing that bears teeth, but one set of baby teeth, one set of adult teeth.That's a mammal thing. We have big, strong jaw muscles. We actually have a hole behind our eyes.It kind of merges their eyes, but you can feel the border when you feel your cheeks here. And that hole anchors jaw muscles. That's a mammal thing. And there are so many other features that make

like us. Placentals are the ones that can give live birth to well-developed babies that can develop for a long time in their mother's boobs. So dogs and cats and bats and wells and elephants,all placental mammals like us. But there are two other groups. One of those groups is the monotremes. These are mammals that still lay eggs. They are very primitive mammals. And these arethe platypus and the echidna species of mostly Australia. So in looking at them, it's not that the ancestors of mammals would have looked exactly like them. They're specialized in their own way,

There is one that's common in North America, the possum that's made its way back up quite recently.But these are the mammals that give birth to tiny little babies that are born very premature, that then develop more further in their mother's pouch. So these are the three major types ofmammals. Placental mammals are the dominant ones today. But we see the roots of these three major groups back in the Cretaceous period. Now what we see in the fossil record is that those

because we have CAT scanned all of these skulls of fossil mammals. We have built digital models of their brains. We can measure the size and the shape of their brains. We can plot it out on thefamily tree of mammals. And the picture is quite clear that during the first 10 million years or so after the asteroid, the mammal brains actually got smaller relative to their bodies. So to put itvery glibly, mammals were actually getting a bit dumber during the time after the asteroid. Now I know intelligence is a lot more than just brain to body size. But to be very glib about it, mammals