How to pronounce “madagascar” in English

Mass strandings um and what makes us a little bit different than than some of these other places in for exampleMadagascar in this case is that um Mass strandings on Cape Cod have beenhappening for centuries and you can go back into Pilgrim logs and actually read about Mass stranding so we know that the

So I am going to give you a talk today."Madagascar's Mouse Lemurs as a Model System for Investigating Speciation, Climate Change, and ." So as Walter has heard via e-mail,it's about four or five talks kind of squished into one.

And you can see that India is here, separated.Madagascar has been separated from Africa for a long time.So the only option, it seems, is open water.

What Angell didn't understand is interdependence leads to war.Madagascar and Brazil are not going to fight a war.They have no issues between them.

They're so gorgeous. They're green, they're plump, they're curvy, their meaty, they're delicious, they're shiny, they're incredible.Madagascar? Not Madagascar! Yes, everybody thinks that vanilla comes from Madagascar, because they've been so good at producing it

had to reclaim the streets um you know the uh the stuff that um the uh theMadagascar Society there are a lot of groups that have done for many years like sort of not just 10 minuteGatherings that are that are put together entirely by um last minute sort of email or text message propagation which

We have tested a ton of vanilla-- some from Mexico, some from Tahiti.And Madagascar, for us, is really the best of the best.So I always recommend when you're baking, and for at-home chefs, to go for the good vanilla.

colleagues that we had never met before on an Air France flight going from Parisinto Madagascar and um it's a really diffic difficult thing to do to respondin real time globally um you know the animals that we see the less time they spend out of the water the better when

For one thing, I've done some back of the envelope calculations.And Madagascar comprises 0.01% of Earth's land surface area.So that's just a speck, really, on the planet.

I know, it's awful.So Madagascar really gets hammered by these cyclones.And it has a huge impact today.

Our vanilla. We use a 100% vanilla-- pure vanilla extract.It comes from Madagascar.We have tested a ton of vanilla-- some from Mexico, some from Tahiti.

They're picking up steam as they go.They hit Madagascar, sweep over it, then they bounce off of the thermal inertia of Africa, and sweep back across.So often, Madagascar will get slammed twice.

facilitated by this ocean current and these storms.So lemurs got to Madagascar just once.They got there a long time ago.

And in fact, this is a very cool thing.If you go to Madagascar, you can go to almost any village.And if the weather is right, you can go out at night with your headlamp.

So what we did is we just kind of did a shotgun approach to see what kind of vomeronasal receptor genes were present in lemurs, and particularly mouse lemurs.And this is a Madagascar traffic jam, which these occur with alarming frequency.

One of my colleagues, Bob Segal, who teaches classes all over the world.He takes students to Madagascar, and to the Galapagos, and to Papua New Guinea and he takes them on these excursions wherethey are essentially naturalists.

- Breaking stress wasn't incredible for this piece of silk.- Deep in the jungles of Madagascar lives the Darwin's bark spider.Its diet consists of flying insects that zip over wide rivers.

were people in many countries who made silk of wild moths.And one of them in Madagascar is a wild moth that they made shrouds for the dead out of.But what's really fascinating is this silk from that moth is very famous for being rot-proof.

the more you go in depth in poor countries the more difficult it gets you know being sustainable in in France for lavender or in uh uh Mint or our Virginia Cedar in in Texas is not so difficultwhen you start talking about Haiti Somaliland Madagascar it's another story so a lot has been done let's visit a lot has been done schools digging Wells dispensaries uh a lot a lot of moneyhas been put the difficulty and the problem that we we we should remain very very careful about is that a western mind has a lot of difficulties understanding the reality of how people live in

But it's really just water flowing out of the jungle into the sea.And so when you deforest-- Madagascar is the worst example, but also the Amazon-- that's something that's forever.

And we had the heads of state of the 13 tiger range states.So whether they're chameleons in Madagascar or highly-endangered parrots in Colombia, bird wing butterflies, or rare plants, spacing the reserves

So they're intertwined inextricably.So we'll look at Madagascar for a bit first.And then we'll focus in on lemurs and why they're so special.

We've actually done those calculations, and it was about 60 million years ago.And so they arrived in Madagascar 60 million years ago, one time, and all kinds-- you know, evolution has happened in those 60 million years.So here we have, what does earth look like at about the time that lemurs would have arrived in Madagascar?

And they've been doing their thing, and other critters and plants have been doing their thing all this time.And many of us who study Madagascar think of it as sort of a speciation laboratory.And there are multiple, multiple studies of different vertebrates and plants, and even birds, that show that groups that get to Madagascar

So you have this really interesting pattern of diversity, but endemism to Madagascar.So they're unique to Madagascar.So what is that about?

There are about 5,000 known species of jumping spiders.This happens to be in Madagascar.

it's amazing the expressions you get.I have hissing cockroaches from Madagascar in my home office.

I had spent two years in Madagascar and Madagascar had undergone all sorts of IMF structural adjustment over the years with various confusing effects; some of them were actually kind of

free from the island of Madagascar, another one of these geological creases became the Western Ghats.

And it's always like a disease from Madagascar or something, where it's like, I've never been there, but I think I have it.

joint heavyweight title with these things called elephant birds from Madagascar that stood like ten feet tall that weighed like 700 or more pounds. Actually some of them may have even pushed close

She said, if you are in China and you find an archeological site and you find a textile, you're going to try and see if that's silk.But if you found it in Mexico or Madagascar or India from the same period, you're not because that's not where silk was supposed to come from.And so this woman opened up my eyes to the diversity and the different perspectives, just different perspectives to look

and the companies like like the fnf what I call the fnf companies they want to assure their consumers that they they are doing the right things that uh if they need vanilla and ifthey're gonna use vanilla uh the their supplier in Madagascar is treating uh the villagers very wellthe more you go in depth in poor countries the more difficult it gets you know being sustainable in in France for lavender or in uh uh Mint or our Virginia Cedar in in Texas is not so difficult

There is a glacier there which is still not affected by global warming.This is a really beautiful photo of a river in Madagascar.This is Mount Fuji in Japan.

necessarily get on a plane to go to Madagascar you know um so I mean I

I don't know if I can use my mouse to show you.Yes, so here's Madagascar.It's adjacent to India.

Another option is a land bridge or island hopping, so that there would have been some kind of terrestrial mechanism where theywould have traversed from Africa or India over to Madagascar.I won't go through all the details.

They hit Madagascar, sweep over it, then they bounce off of the thermal inertia of Africa, and sweep back across.So often, Madagascar will get slammed twice.I know, it's awful.

They got there a long time ago.And everything that's happened since then has been localized to Madagascar.And so this is kind of what it looks like.

But I believe this is related to climate change.When India got out of the way of Madagascar and thus set up these trade winds, and would have set up the eastern rainforest and the dry west,which we'll hear more about in just a little bit.

One of the interesting things that we found was that the distribution of the mouse lemurs and their evolutionary history did not obey what I was expectingto see based on the sort of ecotypes and geology of Madagascar.So that's a long story short.

It just was a word that made sense to me.And there was a virtual stampede of activity in eastern Madagascar-- people going out to look for these same kinds of patterns of genetic diversity.And it was really quite a heyday.

So what we did is we just kind of did a shotgun approach to see what kind of vomeronasal receptor genes were present in lemurs, and particularly mouse lemurs.And we found that there are some areas of Madagascar that will remain stable, some areas, actually, where lemur species will expand their ranges,

So what we did is we just kind of did a shotgun approach to see what kind of vomeronasal receptor genes were present in lemurs, and particularly mouse lemurs.The northeast corridor or the northeast region of Madagascar is going to be particularly affected.

So what we did is we just kind of did a shotgun approach to see what kind of vomeronasal receptor genes were present in lemurs, and particularly mouse lemurs.And it's up in the northeast part of Madagascar.

So what we did is we just kind of did a shotgun approach to see what kind of vomeronasal receptor genes were present in lemurs, and particularly mouse lemurs.So we're going to be working with the Madagascar National Parks to just delineate this corridor, and also

So what we did is we just kind of did a shotgun approach to see what kind of vomeronasal receptor genes were present in lemurs, and particularly mouse lemurs.This is what air travel looks like in Madagascar.

There are about 5,000 known species of jumping spiders.That's a conservation and poverty alleviation program in Madagascar.

These are two fishermen off the coast of Madagascar, living on one or two dollars a day, 100 percent protein for their families is coming from the sea.