How to pronounce “fungi” in English

And so today, a company called LayerZero is working on an integration where you can use Flow Wallets to hold assets from any blockchain, Bitcoin, Ethereum,fungible, non-fungible. Doesn't matter.So the way it was written is as an application platform, not a token-- not a token machine.

And that really kicked off what was left to come for greening the surface of the Earth.So fungi wrapped up the aphotosynthetic cyanobacteria that could produce sugars from the sun,and that's known as a lichen.

That's a symbiotic organism that could now travel far and wide from the water.The fungi would do what it could do and mine into the rocks and still break that down, and the bacterial componentwould take the sun and the CO2 and make sugars.

And that was a perfect little unit that could live.The fungi kept the inner bacteria just moist enough to live, and that really could spread outside of the waterand develop the first organic material out there covering the surface of the Earth.

And just to kind of get the mushroom lingo out of the way, mushroom is actually what is called a fruiting body.And fungi is a kingdom.Fungi is like an umbrella.

There are also other forms of life that are resistant to radiation like these ones-- amoeba,and fungi, rotifers, insects.Some biological models are also very resistant to radiation if they survive those higher than 1,000 grays of ionizing

So, people are doing a tribute to her.And fungicide, insecticide, pesticide did not exist either for everyone with an organic farmer.

Hello! I'm Sage the Bad Naturalist, I'm a dork, a painter, and creator of the YouTube Channel...Sage the Bad Naturalist!I make videos about fungi, plants, research papers, and learning something new, even when science goes wrong.And I’m here to help Hank spread some… Sage advice.

And then you've got viruses which feed off those.You've got fungi. You've got parasites.And there's a whole treasure trove down there with thousands of different species.

because those soil organic layers were being formed.But because fungi had that good foothold and a little bit of extra time outside, it really was the gatekeeper.And it would wrap up around and become the primitive roots of some of the first plants that were able to get out of the water.

And even the animals that came out, they have this microbiome that's got bacteria and fungi on the inside to help keep it clean and healthy.So the fungi is really like the microbiome of the entire environment, including inside of the animals.There are some things that tried to make their way in the world without fungi.

And then there are the parasites.So looking at fungi for models, we can really get a good understanding of how to work with anything in the worldto take it from a waste to a food if we think about it in that way.

And actually, mycorrhizas were present when plants evolved and moved from ocean onto lands and were essential in the coevolution of plantsand the fungi, and actually, the oxygenation of our environment.And so researchers in the last few decades, starting in about 1980, started working on that these mycorrhizas can actually link plants together.

And then, so you asked about business and technology.And the fungi can't exist without their trees or plants for carbon.

And these are kind of my passion, I would say.I love fungi. And I love the biology of fungi.But I'm mostly interested in, what can the fungi do for you?

Can you imagine piling and piling and piling?This is thanks to fungi of mushrooms.There are 100,000 of those known and they are still, the mycologists, they're still looking for some more.

There are other things being produced.The question is about fungi that was found inside a nuclear reactor.

could be other sources of income coming in.And because money's fungible, you can't necessarily isolate the impact microfinance lending has had.So both exist, and both are done by very prominent people who've done A/B testing and demonstrated that they are right.

how as an intelligent, self-aware, conscious species, we go out of our ways to try to alter our state of mind.We exploit plants and then fungi to affect the very functioning of our brain, to stimulate or intoxicate, to calm,to invigorate, to alter our perception of the world.

And nosema is kind of a funny thing.It's been classified as a fungi in the past.It's now classified as a microsporidian which, best I can tell you is that's something that's almost like a fungi but isn't quite.

Another important principle is that of the three macronutrients the one that you ought to pay most attention to is protein, not carbs, not fat.Carbs and fat can be quite fungible.They're both great sources of energy.

They help aerate it.They bring in the ecological communities of microbes and fungi that are necessary for soil health.And they protect, they cloak the whole soil surface with their vegetation, preserving the soil's architecture and essential structure.

and breaking down the rock.And then other organisms started pairing up with fungi.And that really kicked off what was left to come for greening the surface of the Earth.

is actually totally quite real.So it didn't make a symbiotic partnership with fungi when it crawled out of the water, but fungi figured out a way to take its toll anyway.And there are fungal parasites out there that actually take over the entire organisms and work into the brain and sort of

And so I had a graduate student named Kevin Byler, and I worked with another prof named Dan Durall, who-- and together, we did the study wherewe looked at the DNA of all the fungi in the soil and put together basically a DNA map showing all the fungal networks thatlinked Douglas fir trees together in a Douglas fir forest.

And then, so you asked about business and technology.And so because of the generality of so many fungi worldwide, these networks have the potential to exist in all forests worldwide.

And that happens still today.So almost all plants that you'll eat have used fungi to collect water and nutrients.But this is not a biology lesson.

Wine, as it turns out, is generally not made by messianic prophets but by yeast.Yeast-- a unicellular microorganism that's part of the fungi kingdom.And folks, it's everywhere-- in the air, living on plants, even on your skin.

You can laugh at that, it's Friday.Yeast is pretty single-minded as unicellular microscopic fungi go.Pretty much does one thing in life.

There are other things being produced.Hi, there is a fungi inside the Chernobyl reactor.

There are other things being produced.So I generated a lot of mutants in the fungi that I was studying there.

So you can see if there is DNA from fungi that are known allergens.

So you see these zombies running around with giant fungi attached to their heads.

to represent something that is individually unique, but part of a broader set.So that was why we started working on the non-fungible token standard in early summer 2017, published it by September 20, 2017, and then,a couple of months later, launched "CryptoKitties." To your point, it went viral immediately.

You want companies that have lots of really fungible assets that you can take a charge over if the company fails.

people who really have a specialized skill that is not fungible.

Because all garbage and patches of blighted land are fungible.

Because you want to use money as the most fungible good that you have.

Antitrust turns out to be an extremely fertile and fungible public policy, because it's technology-neutral.

to proceive things the human brain is a very fungible thing right and I know now

And yeah, we wanted to take you through a little bit of the history of fungi.We'll talk through some of the health and environmental benefits of fungi.We've got a cooking demo.

There's no soil, nothing living on the surface really to speak of.And nothing really got the ability to get out of that water until fungi, the enterprising guy, decided that it was going to evolve the abilityto work its way a little bit further away from those water bodies, and in doing so started exerting a little bit of acid

So the fungi is really like the microbiome of the entire environment, including inside of the animals.There are some things that tried to make their way in the world without fungi.And, of course, if anyone's aware of the very popular current HBO show, "The Last Of Us," which

make them do their own bidding.Really, there are three different ways that fungi get their energy and work their environment to a benefit.And that is-- there are the decomposers.

Cool. Thanks, Jim. So yeah, Jim's taken us through some of the history of fungi.And if you follow the evolutionary tree, fungi are actually more closely related to animals and humans than they are to plants.And there's actually a lot of similarities between mushrooms and us as humans, which can lead into some of the amazing health

And both animals-- humans and snakes-- we're really different from life forms like fungi.

all of these have different flavor molecules which that plant evolved to fight against fungi, bacteria, and insects.

So fermentation also is another process where we enlist the services of bacteria and fungi to break down the food into smaller, easier molecules.

are not limited to amphibians-- like I gave the example of the fungi-- the magic mushrooms.