How to pronounce “epoch” in English

Garry Kasparov: I'm always very cautious when asked to compare players from differentepochs. So, that's – let me start -- I was -- with general response. Now, you ask meto compare Garry Kasparov with 1985 to 1995 and 2005. I play chess and I, my professional

Simplest example, resource development.In epoch A, things seemed absolutely limitless.We could consume. There was unfettered consumption, unfettered disposal of waste.

And then that changed.And in epoch b, it's a totally different situation.So that there's no limits consuming and waste in epoch A.

So that there's no limits consuming and waste in epoch A.This transforms in epoch B to a matter of limits, conservation, and the whole concept of sustainability.The same thing is true in terms of children at a different level.

Now this kind of change goes on beyond this into other attitudes, values, and behaviors.So then in epoch A, it's totally appropriate and advantageous to compete.Those who competed the best wielded the most power, were the most independent, were the ones who succeeded.

What comes out, what is manifest depends on what the environment is and what's advantageous.So that in epoch A, the epoch A values predominated.And in epoch B, the epoch B values predominated.

So that in epoch A, the epoch A values predominated.And in epoch B, the epoch B values predominated.One of the things about this is that it changes.

One of the things about this is that it changes.What changes is in epoch A, what was pragmatic, profitable, seemed to be wise and necessary, was one thing.And what was humane was another.

I had no idea we were in the middle of what scientists are calling the Anthropocene-- the age of man.This is an epoch where we are leaving a mark on the fossil record of the future to the point that future generations can see that there's a line we arrived.They're probably not going to be-- they'll be looking at the computers in the garbage dump.

bit better for you. So.The second major epoch of food was the space race and the fast food revolution, which kind of happened during the Cold War. Now NASA has probably helped develop some of the, moretechnology than just about any organization you can think of. I'll talk a bit more about what they've done in other areas. But in terms of food one of the things, John Glenn, the

it down to about five suppliers, and so they basically limited their points of, you know, problems, problems arising.So the third epoch of food, which I think we are currently in, started in late 70s and early 80s. And this is where we start getting into genetically modified foods. [video showsslide with new bulleted points and a picture a man standing with African children] There is a fine line, there actually the line is difficult to tell where we got from hybrid

I thought it was hilarious.So into the third epoch of war, [video shows new bulleted points on the slide titled "The three epochs of war" and picture of rain on the sea] the Middle East is a, deep chapterI've got to in the book is called Operation Desert Lab. One of the unfortunate things about the way that military technology tends to unfold is that it's got to be tested. And

after the war. So there is a magazine as, a famous magazine ad in the 40s the late 40s that basically said "after total war comes total living." [video shows new slide titled"Thee three epochs of War" with bulleted points listed] And you have time to put yourself in the shoes of the people that were living at the time. First, they had a depressionto deal with, and then they have the World War II to deal with. That was two decades of absolute depravation. So when the war ends, of course you know, basically that uncorks

Immediately following the Big Bang-- and I'm talking less than a fraction of a second after that event-- the universe inflated.We call this the inflationary epoch.And this tiny speck of universe inflated to thousands of times its original size in less than a second.

These are actually two separate curves-- an accelerating portion and a decelerating portion.And the first he called epoch A, the second, epoch B.And the basic idea is that the world looks very different if you're born and living in epoch A with no limits, expansion.

That leads to a number of attitudes, values, and behaviors that are adapted to that situation.But the world looks very different in epoch B.And it's easy to see that things that may be advantageous in epoch A will not be advantageous in epic B, and vice versa.

This is true on a national level, on a corporate level, and on an individual level.In the very different conditions of epoch B, however, what's going to help us survive, both individually and as a group and as a species,is actually increased reliance on collaboration, interdependence, and reaching consensus.

And so strategies went on without that.In the very different conditions of epoch B, it actually turns out, happily, that what's humane and what's right for people's well-being is alsowhat's pragmatic. It's what's going to probably make profits.

But I leave it in because I also wake up every morning and realize, this is all too possible.If we cling to the epoch A values too long, we're going to cause natural disaster, or we're going to end up in some kind of conflagrationof conflict that really stands the potential for decimating not only our species, but all the species in the world.

So in conclusion, just to say, we're at this point in the course of human and social evolution where the demands of survival convergeanother point of inflection back into the epoch, but it's one that we created all on our own.

was so important, actually, that Mark has that as well.And it completely doesn't matter which epoch of Silicon Valley you are or where in the pecking order of Silicon Valley you are.That's the defining thing to me of Silicon Valley-- the doing never gets in the way of the talking.

The payoff finding comes 14 years later, when they're tracked down and the two groups are compared, the ones who grabbed and the ones who waited.Geologists use this term for the current epoch where we exist now to describe the fact that one species is

My name's Robin Lowey, as she said.And I started this blog called "Epochalips: Smart Lesbian Commentary" about eight years ago, just inviting lesbians to like tell their stories,and I publish events and just interesting things, authors, things like that.

And you're kind of reenacting or reliving the situation.So you can actually mark off epochs in which the person is in a lucid REM sleep period.

And this is a problem, because it means-- and this is the kind of clue number one why we might be facing strategic,big 200-year long kind of epochal change-- is that if you get a situation where capitalism is in troubleand it adapts through suppressing wages, then what it eventually does is it finds another solution to consumption, and that is credit.

And these systems have gone through the evolution that a lot of societies have around the world.But the difference is here the epochs are very clearly demarcated.So the island arose in the middle of the ocean.

And in epoch b, it's a totally different situation.So that there's no limits consuming and waste in epoch A.This transforms in epoch B to a matter of limits, conservation, and the whole concept of sustainability.

The period can be expected to be a time of increased conflict, which brings us to this slide.What it does is that schematizes the change from epoch A values being predominant, them decreasing, epoch B values becoming more and more important.Around the point of inflection, that switching and moving to a time where epoch B values are predominant over epoch A values.

of energy. One thing that I think about is the basic drivers of technological development-- and I assume, although I want to hear from you with companieslike yours, is in epoch A, this was all driven by what was to be of economic advantage, what was going to make the most accrual for corporations.Obviously, that hasn't stopped, in essence.

And you're kind of reenacting or reliving the situation.Those are the eye movements that mark off the lucid dreaming epoch.

It might look something a little bit more like jazz as an analogy.And we just happened to live in the epoch where the coupling constants evolve like a genetic code, like a genetic mutation, to actually

For example, we have no clue what 95% of our universe is made out of.And we would like to know better what happened before this epoch with a plasma screen and the cosmic microwave background.So let me take a little bit of time to update you on that, because there was a sensational announcement last Friday, which

But the world looks very different in epoch B.And it's easy to see that things that may be advantageous in epoch A will not be advantageous in epic B, and vice versa.Simplest example, resource development.

I'll leave aside the asterisk that we've, as a country, have withdrawn from those accords, and I hope that we'll be able to correct that soon.That began a time of persistent expansion, epoch B, a time of dynamic equilibrium.But it's important to say it won't be a stagnant equilibrium that will continue to be developed in technology and the quality of human life

And around that time, we passed the inflection point.And so we lived out our other half of our lives under epoch B conditions, which, parenthetically, I think explains some of the--I don't know what to call it-- the schizophrenia of my generation, the conflicts, the ways that we screwed up.

So in conclusion, just to say, we're at this point in the course of human and social evolution where the demands of survival convergeis a better way to make profits and to make money than operating in an epoch A way.

And then you find one in some pathetic little galaxy, like this.There it is. You subtract one epoch from another, and you find it.And you can take measurements of it and do the inverse square law and figure out the distance, and hence the lookback time.

And they could just barely do it with natural, with the natural things that are in the environment.biased by the fact, by the particular historical epoch we exist in.

DARPA which is one of the US military's main technology labs.So, again there is three epochs of war. World War II of course, was the big one; there were large inventions everyone knows about. Like the Jets, the good powers of digital computers.But some of the smaller ones I focused a lot on some of the smaller ones in my book not too many people know about that probably has a huge effect on us. Things like the microwave

So the UV radiation-- that is, Ultraviolet radiation-- initiates the reionization epoch of the universe.

And the first he called epoch A, the second, epoch B.And the basic idea is that the world looks very different if you're born and living in epoch A with no limits, expansion.That leads to a number of attitudes, values, and behaviors that are adapted to that situation.

OK, so back to conflict.We, as human beings, are capable of both epoch A and epoch B behaviors.What comes out, what is manifest depends on what the environment is and what's advantageous.

What it does is that schematizes the change from epoch A values being predominant, them decreasing, epoch B values becoming more and more important.Around the point of inflection, that switching and moving to a time where epoch B values are predominant over epoch A values.Now, what's useful to me about this slide is, if you look at this-- and I realize a lot of things begin to make sense.

But let's go forward and adapting to the future, rather than the past.So this conflict is what's getting played out worldwide at this point-- the conflict between epoch A thought and epoch B thought.And my hope, I will confess, is that while we've seen a rise in populism, a certain kind of populism,

So in conclusion, just to say, we're at this point in the course of human and social evolution where the demands of survival convergeAnd I kind of wanted to ask how much you've kind of thought into a resurgence in those values into a new epoch A.

And if you think about individual conversations, when I talk about conversations in the current epoch, it's not just face to face anymore, obviously.

65 million years ago.So it just shocked me at Sundance to realize that we were in the middle of this epoch that I was oblivious to, because whenyou're digging dinosaurs around the planet, you're looking around at these graveyards like in the Gobi Desert with Michael Novacek.

And these islands became less of islands.And of course today, the big change is we may be in the fifth epoch, which is driven by the internet.So a few years ago, French Polynesia laid a submarine cable between Tahiti and Hawaii for the first time.

a whole bunch of pent up and people want to just live it up. There comes a huge wave of consumer products that came out after the war it, that were developedfor more technologies. [video shows new bulleted points on the slide titled "The three epochs of war" and picture of space shuttle during lift off] The second epoch was the Cold War and the space race,which was kind of an offshoot of the Cold War. Again today, when you think of space exploration and the international space station which I believe there is 18 countries that