And it was an extremely challenging thing, like trying to even insulate the different components required glass vessels, and if there was any imperfection, the fields would-- the electric field would jump around and puncture a hole in the side of the vessel. And then you have to start all over again, because it's broken the vacuum.
You'd play it, she'd be sleeping at the other end of the house, and she'd hear it, walk over a little bit, I like Electric Field by MGMT.
So there are basically three ways to generate EUV, to build a sun on Earth. If you then turn off the electric field , the electrons recombine with the ions and produce light.
I think that there is an ultimate speed isn't that shocking. It just simply says that it's a property of space in the same way that there is, you know, space can transmit a certain strength electric field . It can transmit-- it can support certain things. Whatever space is, and we don't know what space is, but whatever it is, it has the capability of transmitting these things at that one speed through space or time, and everything else comes from our insisting that we keep space and time different.
It means something really provocative. If you drop an electrically charged particle in an electric field , how it moves will depend a lot on the features of the particles. Is it positively charged?
- Okay. - Because remember, you can define any number of potentials for a specific electric field because you can pick an arbitrary height, but that information is lost when you go and swap it out for the electric field . There's another way to think about it. - Okay, okay.
But importantly, C is not 5, or at least not in every case. So you lose this specificity when you grow from a potential to an electric field . And Aharonov wasn't comfortable with that.
At the time, they had no way to work out that ordering, but today we can. When you shine light on a molecule, its electric field tugs on the electrons and nuclei. They get pulled back and forth as the field changes direction.
At first, nothing much happens, but then around 900 megahertz, we get a strong signal back. That's because as the radio waves hit the antenna, their electric field tugs on the electrons inside, causing them to oscillate and create an alternating current inside the antenna, which in turn re-radiates a signal out.
On their own they would not have the energy to get through that gas. So Edgerton added a trigger that sent a high voltage pulse through a wire wrapped around the tube and the electric field from that pulse would rip electrons off the gas atoms inside the chamber, ionizing the gas and turning it into a conductor.
His idea was to replace the tungsten filament, which fired off electrons at random, with a more directed source. So instead of boiling electrons off the surface, he tried pulling them off with a stronger electric field . And, by sharpening the tungsten into a fine tip, he was able to create a narrow beam which was over a thousand times brighter than before.
- And that wasn't his take. - No. If you look at the Schrodinger equation, you can't just replace the potential phi with the electric field E. - Why not? - 'Cause you're losing information.
- Why not? - 'Cause you're losing information. - Okay. - Because remember, you can define any number of potentials for a specific electric field because you can pick an arbitrary height, but that information is lost when you go and swap it out for the electric field .
So there are basically three ways to generate EUV, to build a sun on Earth. The first is you take a metal, heat it up until you get a metal vapor, and then you apply a strong electric field across it.
So, the steps that happened in particle accelerators is we went from this initial, what I would call static voltage machine, with one very, very high voltage, instead, over time, it shifted toward a radio frequency-driven system, in which there's an oscillating electric field , inside some-- imagine literally a microwave cavity.
according to the standards of classical Newtonian mechanics because these electrons zooming around in orbits should be emitting electromagnetic waves. When you take a charged particle like an electron, and you shake it in any way, it has an electric field radiating out in all directions.