How to pronounce “cicer” in English

entire copies of the news.Cicero asks one of his friends to do this when he's sent to be the governor of what's basically Syria now.And Caelius, his friend, is so desperate not to leave anything out that he has an entire copy of the "Acta" made everyday.

This comes from the idea that my pain is a burden, and I should not inflict my pain on somebody else.So Cicero said that grief is optional because he witnessed a soldier on the battlefield not cry after losing a child.He said you should never indulge your grief.

They print Cicero. So there you have the difference between Germany and Italy in the Renaissance.And Cicero's book called "De Officiis," concerning duties, your offices-- what is the duty of your office--this, Machiavelli would have learned his Latin by reading.

They are prudence-- that's to say practical wisdom-- and courage, temperance, and most important of all, and especially in politics, justice.So Cicero focuses on justice.Now, justice is the distinctively human virtue.

And so injustice is unworthy of humankind.And Cicero loves these metaphors.It's brutal. You're being a brute.

Another thing that-- I love this quote-- another thing that successful active managers don't payAnd Cicero, a Greek philosopher and statesman who didn't end well, had a great quote that went along the lines of, you know, it doesn't matter how

Now this meant that in the Greek world, there were innumerable-- basically innumerable calendars that had to be negotiated in some way.But Cicero, when he's off to Cilicia, which is in southern Turkey, to be governor, he wants nothing more than to get back to the city of Rome.

to see it and you expect it to be passed around.And Cicero writes about this, that he writes in a particular tone of voice when he's writing an open letter and in another tone of voicewhen he's writing to friends.

And Caelius, his friend, is so desperate not to leave anything out that he has an entire copy of the "Acta" made everyday.And Cicero quickly stops him and says, look, this is oversharing.I don't need the gladiator results.

But of course, it comes to Italy only less than a generation later, and what do they do?They print Cicero. So there you have the difference between Germany and Italy in the Renaissance.And Cicero's book called "De Officiis," concerning duties, your offices-- what is the duty of your office--

this, Machiavelli would have learned his Latin by reading.What does Cicero tell us?He says, well, there are four virtues, and they're the so-called cardinal virtues.

It's always rational to be moral.So there's Cicero. The other figure I need to say a word about-- very, very important for the political theory of the Renaissance--is Seneca because Seneca writes, under Nero, two very important moral treatises about politics.

It's a book of 26 chapters.I think satire-- on Cicero.

Plus you have all kinds of letters from Cicero, to his brother, to Atticus, to various people.There are letters from Cicero to Caesar.And letters from Caesar back to Cicero.

He's supposed to have suffered a bad defeat, which we know is not true.But that's what Cicero-- that's the misinformation that Cicero had at that day.And those kind of things really help us to understand and see a continuity of what was happening.

Now this meant that in the Greek world, there were innumerable-- basically innumerable calendars that had to be negotiated in some way.So when Cicero was doing his Cicero thing, he was sent off to be the governor of Cilicia, 51 and 50 BCE.

And slavery makes the marginal cost per page zero.So if you're Cicero, and you've bought your scribe, and you're paying for his upkeep and the roof over his head, then when you want him to copy another document,you give him another document, and you wait for him to copy it.

That letter's gone from Balbus to Cicero.And then Cicero's copied it to Atticus.And Caesar's letter to him, so that letter's gone from Caesar to Balbus to Cicero to Atticus.

before we talk about those, if you wanna get into it, let's just say that the question can even be posed about Romans who live at the same time. I mean, if you take asenator from the age of Cicero and someone from the slums of Rome, who's maybe the son of a slave who was brought from the East by some general a generation ago,and put them in a room and say, "Now, you discuss. You're both Romans. What do you have in common?" They might have trouble in coming up with something.

And so just like to do things like that that are kind of extraordinary, but also completely unexpected from their point of view.Our whole family is also beer cicerone certified.Does anyone know what that is?

from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.Sitting next to me is Nikki Cicerani, who I've known for many years and is the CEO of Upwardly Global, where she's workedfor the past eight-plus years.

In one case, two commentators, including the very eminent British military historian, Sir John Keegan, worked out that since the middle of the 17th century,of civil war from the time of Cicero up to the time of St. Augustine.

There are letters from Cicero to Caesar.And letters from Caesar back to Cicero.There's not a lot, but some.

Those were leftovers from the Cleopatra years.And I've always wondered what Cicero thought about being wedged between the Puritans on both sides of him there.Salem is a little bit our national campfire tale.

Helen Glover had only been rowing for four years when she won this gold medal.This is the Western Electric plant in Cicero, Illinois, also known as the Hawthorne Works.

So knowing who's going to marry who and if there are divorces and births and deaths and so on becomes actually crucial to your survival in the Roman world.So if we look at one of Cicero's letters, here's a great example."I sent you on March 24th a copy of Balbus' letter to me and of Caesar's letter to him." I think Cicero is writing to his friend Atticus, in this case.

They just wanted to be on the network.And what's happening here is Cicero is saying to Atticus, I sent you on March 24 a copy of Balbus' letter to me.So think about that letter.

So think about that letter.That letter's gone from Balbus to Cicero.And then Cicero's copied it to Atticus.

They could also write these open letters.So this is another example from Cicero.In this case, he's written an open letter criticizing Caesar.

moral and political philosophy that he learned at school.And if you think of this book as a book about Cicero, you won't go far wrong.There are two great moral philosophers who would have been studied by Machiavelli in the greatest detail, and the first is Cicero, and especially the book

Why always be just?Well, in politics-- Cicero really wants to stress this-- you're on a stage.You are seen by everyone.

It's a book of 26 chapters.Here's the point. Cicero is writing about republican politics.

And there's just about nobody else in the ancient world that we have that much material on.Plus you have all kinds of letters from Cicero, to his brother, to Atticus, to various people.There are letters from Cicero to Caesar.

I go right back 2000 years to the start of this to get inspiration from a wonderful Roman poet called Lucretius, who wrote a poem called, "De Rerum Natura,""On the Nature of Things" around the time of Cicero and Caesar.He died while writing it because it seems to be unfinished.

And they went to lots of your friends' houses and picked up anything that they had for you and delivered stuff in the other direction.And we see this in the letters of Cicero.He writes to one of his friends, oh, now your wretched messenger's knocking on the door again.

And the rough version would stay in the outbox.And so if anyone were to come around Cicero's house, oh, I hear you wrote a really scorching letter about Caesar.Can I have a copy of it?

And they would also have scribes so they can have documents copied very quickly.And if we look at the letters of Cicero, which is the best preserved set of correspondence from this period.And interestingly, we have his inbox and his out box.

We can see how the Roman social media system works.And so this is an example from a letter of Cicero's-- "I sent you on March 24th a copy of Balbus' letter to meand of Caesar's letter to him." And this is a letter that Cicero is writing-- I think-- to his friend Atticus.

So what we see is all of these member of the Roman elite writing to each other.And we see some quite forming letters that Cicero writes to other people to remind them of that he's their friend whenhe's in trouble. And then other people writing to him when he's on top.

And those kind of things really help us to understand and see a continuity of what was happening.And what it looked like in Rome, because Cicero stayed in Rome when all-- or at least at home in Arpinum during all this time.This is to show you-- well, I'm not going to get to this yet.

Now this meant that in the Greek world, there were innumerable-- basically innumerable calendars that had to be negotiated in some way.And there is no more highly charged political figure in the ancient world really than Cicero.

And that was how you kind of kept track of things.And in fact, we see Cicero sending sort of text messages in Rome using one of these things.He'll write a letter to somebody.

And then I could copy the bits of the news that I thought were relevant to my friends.And again, we see this in Cicero's letters and those of Pliny the Elder and Tacitus.When they're outside Rome, they've got their friends sending them highlights of the news to keep them informed, and in some cases,

And so this is an example from a letter of Cicero's-- "I sent you on March 24th a copy of Balbus' letter to meand of Caesar's letter to him." And this is a letter that Cicero is writing-- I think-- to his friend Atticus.So if you think about what's happening here, Balbus has written to Cicero, and Cicero's copying that letter to Atticus.

She never trusted the light because she knew the story of .Philosophers used to be the doctors of the soul, according to Cicero.

It's a book of 26 chapters.And chapter 18 in the Latin takes up this question, which is Cicero's phrase but, of course, it's almost a proverb.

These footnotes are-- you can't read them, unfortunately.Down here, you can see there's a reference to letters to his brother Quintus by Cicero.Quintus was in Caesar's army.

When we started, we didn't think there was any relevance to that, to our modern day.And his brother, the famous orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero-- Tully in early American language--

So if we look at one of Cicero's letters, here's a great example."I sent you on March 24th a copy of Balbus' letter to me and of Caesar's letter to him." I think Cicero is writing to his friend Atticus, in this case.They wrote to each other every day, at least once.